Earnings call transcript: Coupang Q2 2025 misses EPS forecast, beats on revenue

Coupang, a prominent player in the Broadline Retail industry according to InvestingPro, reported its second-quarter earnings for 2025, revealing mixed results that have influenced market reactions. The company posted an earnings per share (EPS) of $0.02, falling short of analysts’ expectations of $0.07, resulting in a negative surprise of 71.43%. However, Coupang exceeded revenue forecasts, generating $8.5 billion against the anticipated $8.31 billion, marking a 2.29% surprise. Based on InvestingPro’s Fair Value analysis, the stock currently appears slightly undervalued, presenting a potential opportunity for investors. Despite the earnings miss, the company’s revenue growth of 16% year-over-year (YoY) drove its stock price up by 0.91% to close at $29.63, although it saw a slight decline of 0.34% in after-hours trading.

Key Takeaways

• Coupang’s Q2 2025 revenue grew 16% YoY to $8.5 billion, surpassing forecasts.
• EPS of $0.02 fell short of the expected $0.07, a 71.43% negative surprise.
• After-hours trading saw a slight stock decline of 0.34%.
• Strong growth in the Taiwan market with 54% QoQ revenue increase.
• AI integration and operational efficiencies drive margin expansion.

Company Performance

Coupang’s overall performance in Q2 2025 was characterized by strong revenue growth, despite missing EPS expectations. The company continues to expand its market share, particularly in Taiwan, where it experienced a 54% quarter-over-quarter revenue increase. This growth is supported by Coupang’s strategic focus on AI integration and operational efficiencies, which have contributed to improved margins and customer engagement.

Financial Highlights

• Revenue: $8.5 billion, up 16% YoY
• EPS: $0.02, down from the forecasted $0.07
• Consolidated gross profit: $2.6 billion, up 20% YoY
• Adjusted EBITDA: $428 million, up 30% YoY

Earnings vs. Forecast

Coupang’s EPS of $0.02 significantly missed the forecast of $0.07, resulting in a 71.43% negative surprise. This miss contrasts with its revenue performance, which exceeded expectations with a 2.29% positive surprise. The disparity highlights a focus on revenue growth over immediate profitability.

Market Reaction

Following the earnings announcement, Coupang’s stock closed up 0.91% at $29.63, reflecting investor confidence in its revenue growth and strategic initiatives. The stock has demonstrated strong momentum with a remarkable year-to-date return of 36.03%. However, in after-hours trading, the stock saw a minor decline of 0.34%, indicating some investor caution due to the EPS miss. InvestingPro data shows the company maintains a healthy financial position with an overall "GOOD" Financial Health score.

Outlook & Guidance

Coupang remains optimistic about future growth, targeting a consolidated constant currency growth rate of around 20%. The company anticipates product commerce margins to exceed 10% and is investing heavily in expanding its presence in Taiwan and enhancing its AI capabilities. Analyst consensus is largely positive, with a "Buy" recommendation and price targets ranging from $22.80 to $40.00 per share. Access the complete Pro Research Report for Coupang, along with 1,400+ other top stocks, exclusively on InvestingPro.

Executive Commentary

"We remain in the early stages of a multi-decade journey to transform commerce," said Bom Kim, CEO of Coupang. He emphasized the role of AI in the company’s strategy, stating, "AI has been core to our operations and strategy for years," highlighting its potential to drive both top-line growth and margin expansion.

Risks and Challenges

• Supply chain disruptions could impact delivery efficiency.
• Competitive pressures in the Korean retail market may affect market share.
• Economic uncertainties in key markets could influence consumer spending.
• Currency fluctuations pose risks to international revenue growth.
• Regulatory changes in e-commerce could impact operational strategies.

Q&A

During the earnings call, analysts inquired about Coupang’s AI strategy and its expansion plans in Taiwan. The company reiterated its commitment to leveraging AI for operational efficiency and expressed confidence in the long-term potential of the Taiwan market.

Full transcript - Coupang LLC (CPNG) Q2 2025:

Krista, Conference Operator: Hello, everyone. My name is Krista, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Kupong twenty twenty five Second Quarter Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers’ remarks, there will be a question and answer session.

Now I’d like to turn the call over to Mike Parker, Vice President of Investor Relations. You may begin your conference.

Mike Parker, Vice President of Investor Relations, Coupang: Thanks, operator. Welcome, everyone, to Coupang’s second quarter twenty twenty five earnings conference call. I’m pleased to be joined on the call today by our Founder and CEO, Bom Kim and our CFO, Gaurav Anand. The following discussion, including responses to your questions, reflects management’s views as of today’s date only. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise this information, except as required by law.

Certain statements made on today’s call may include forward looking statements. Actual results may differ materially. Additional information about factors that could potentially impact our financial results is included in today’s press release and in our filings with the SEC, including our most recent annual report on Form 10 ks and subsequent filings. As we share our second quarter twenty twenty five results on today’s call, the comparisons we make to prior periods will be on a year over year basis unless otherwise noted. We may also present both GAAP and non GAAP financial measures.

Additional disclosures regarding these non GAAP measures, including reconciliations of these measures to the most comparable GAAP measures, are included in our earnings release, our slides accompanying this webcast, and our SEC filings, which are posted on the company’s Investor Relations website. And now I’ll turn the call over to Baum.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. I’ll start first with a few highlights for the quarter. We carried the solid momentum from the start of the year into a strong Q2. We grew consolidated revenue 16% year over year or 19% in constant currency to $8,500,000,000 Along with that growth, we also delivered another quarter of margin expansion, most evident in our product commerce segment, where gross profit margins expanded nearly two thirty basis points to 32.6%, and adjusted EBITDA margins grew 80 basis points to over 9%. On a consolidated basis, we generated four twenty eight million dollars of adjusted EBITDA, growing margins by over 50 basis points, while also investing aggressively for the future.

Our results continue to highlight two key points. First, we remain in the early stages of a multi decade journey to transform commerce and Wow customers across the markets we serve. Second, every improvement we make in selection, price, and service strengthens customer engagement, enabling us to lower costs and create a virtuous cycle of value for our customers, sellers, and brands. Perhaps nowhere is that more visible than in our product commerce segment, where we’re rapidly expanding ROCCAT selection while continuing to redefine customer expectations around delivery speed. In addition to adding over half a million new items on Rocket in the past quarter alone, we increased our same day and dawn delivery volume by more than 40% compared to the same period last year.

Our investments in customer experience continue to drive deeper customer adoption and engagement, fueling the durable revenue growth at high multiples of the relatively flat Korean retail market. This quarter, we accelerated ProductCommerce active customer additions and saw a significant lift in revenue per active customer. The majority of revenue growth this quarter was driven by our existing customers, with all customer cohorts, even the most mature, demonstrating robust double digit spending increases. As we continue to expand selection to match customer preferences, they’re also purchasing across a broader number of categories. Another highlight is our fresh category, one of the many categories we offer to consumers within product commerce.

This quarter, fresh grew revenues 25% in constant currency year over year. We significantly expanded our fresh assortment, especially in produce, meat, and seafood, resulting in a sharp increase in customers using fresh and total spend this quarter. Fresh’s strong performance underscores a broader pattern we’re seeing across multiple categories, where customers continue to respond with enthusiasm to enhancements in service levels and product selection. Fulfillment Logistics by Coupon, or FLC, continues its impressive momentum, with volumes, selection, and sellers all growing several times faster than the rate of the overall product commerce segment. We’re making significant investments to enhance FLC’s tools and services, empowering sellers to leverage our leading fulfillment and logistics infrastructure to expand their businesses.

FLC has accelerated the growth of tens of thousands of SME sellers, over 70% of whom operate outside of Seoul, making FLC an essential driver of economic revitalization for underserved regional economies across Korea. We’re also excited by the potential of automation and AI to accelerate our efforts to innovate around the customer experience and drive operational excellence. As we invest further into these capabilities, we see significant opportunities to enhance service levels while simultaneously achieving meaningful cost savings. Just as our core product commerce offerings like Fresh and FLC have become powerful drivers of long term growth, our developing offerings portfolio is positioned to unlock significant market opportunities and generate meaningful cash flow streams in the years ahead. Taiwan is a prime example of such an opportunity.

One of our top priorities this year has been to considerably broaden our selection and improve inventory availability, a common challenge during hypergrowth. Hundreds of top brands are now working directly with us, a number that increased exponentially in the past quarter, enabling us to dramatically expand supply for our customers. The customer response has been equally dramatic, with revenues accelerating rapidly. Our Taiwan offering is growing faster and stronger than even the most optimistic forecast we set at the beginning of the year. After ending last year in Q4 with a quarter over quarter revenue growth of 23%, this quarter revenues surged 54% quarter over quarter, more than double the pace of revenue growth from just two quarters ago.

Year over year revenue growth was triple digits in Q2, and we expect that to be even higher in Q3. What’s most encouraging is that this growth is primarily fueled by repeat customers. While new customer additions did contribute to growth and a quarter over quarter increase of nearly 40% in active customers, The majority of the revenue growth and acceleration we saw this quarter stemmed from the continued strengthening of spend and retention across our existing customer cohorts. Our conviction in the long term potential of Taiwan is only growing, as we’re seeing a trajectory similar to what we saw in the early years of scaling our retail offering in Korea. In Eats, we continue to see strong momentum, reflecting our relentless efforts to wow customers with the best selection, amazing value, and the fastest and most reliable delivery experience.

With Coupang Play, our digital content and live entertainment service in Korea, we continue to expand our offerings to delight customers. This quarter, we launched SportsPass, a new offering that provides customers with premium access to a broader range of popular live sports content from the Premier League and La Liga for soccer to the NBA and NFL to NASCAR and F1 racing. We’re also excited to share that Play is now available to all Coupon customers in Korea, including non Wow members who can enjoy a wide selection of original series, movies, shows, and news at no cost, supported by advertising. As we reflect on the quarter and our positioning across the markets we serve, we believe Coupang’s opportunity is massive and still largely untapped. Our commitment to customer obsession, operational excellence, and disciplined capital allocation continues to guide our approach.

We’re more excited than ever about what lies ahead. Now I’ll turn the call over to our CFO, Gaurav Anand, to walk you through the financial results of the quarter in more detail.

Gaurav Anand, CFO, Coupang: Thanks, Bom. This quarter we saw a continuation of the strong momentum across our business that we saw last quarter, in both growth and margin expansion. Total net revenues this quarter grew 16% year over year or 19% in constant currency. This quarter we saw an improvement of the Korean won versus the US dollar related to the levels we have seen over the past few quarters. However, given historical volatility in foreign currency rates, we believe it remains important to evaluate our growth on a constant currency basis.

As Bob noted, we continue to see strong levels of growth coming from all our customer cohorts in Korea, even our oldest. This demonstrates the tremendous untapped potential for future growth as our newer cohorts follow the trends of our most mature customer cohorts. This quarter, Product Commerce segment revenues grew 14% year over year or 17% in constant currency. This growth was driven by both higher spend levels per active customer as well as an acceleration of growth in Product Commerce active customers to 10% this quarter. Developing Offerings segment revenues in Q2 grew 33% year over year on both a reported and constant currency basis.

This growth is driven by an accelerating triple digit growth rate in Taiwan and a high double digit growth rate in Eats, as each of these newer offerings continues to scale. Along with this sustained growth in top line revenues, we also delivered significant growth in profitability. We reported 2,600,000,000 in consolidated gross profit growing 20% year over year or 22% in constant currency. This resulted in consolidated gross profit margin of 30%, improving 79 basis points versus last year. In our Product Commerce segment, we generated gross profit of 2,400,000,000 growing 23% or 26% in constant currency.

Gross profit margin was a record 32.6%, representing roughly two thirty basis points of improvement over last year and 130 basis points versus last quarter. Our growth in margins is a result of many long term initiatives around automation and technology investments and innovation and process improvement, supply chain optimization, as well as growth in our margin accretive categories and offerings. We expect these same initiatives to drive even further margin expansion in the quarters and years to come, though the pace of that growth will be uneven from quarter to quarter. OG and A expense as a percentage of revenue was 28.3% this quarter, representing a YoY increase of 36 basis points excluding the KFTC administrative fine recorded in Q2 last year and 96 basis points over Q1. The year over year increase is mostly due to elevated levels of spend in our technology and infrastructure this year, while the quarter over quarter increase is primarily a result of increased expenses within developing offerings, including certain non recurring costs related to restructuring activities within Farfetch.

However, we continue to expect consolidated OG and A expenses to decline as a percentage of revenues in the near to medium term. Operating income was $149,000,000 this quarter representing growth of 55% over last year excluding the KFTC administrative fine recorded last year. Net income attributable to Kupang’s stockholders was $32,000,000 This resulted in $02 of diluted earnings per share. On a consolidated basis, we generated a record $428,000,000 of adjusted EBITDA in Q2, an increase of 30 over last year while also making significant investments into developing offerings this quarter. This led to an adjusted EBITDA margin of 5%, an increase of over 50 basis points from last year.

As we have previously highlighted, we believe the eventual adjusted EBITDA margin potential of your business to be in excess of 10%. This potential is most evident in the near term in our Product Commerce segment, where this quarter we delivered $663,000,000 of Adjusted EBITDA with a margin of just over 9%. This resulted in margin expansion of 80 basis points year over year and over 100 basis points quarter over quarter. Developing Offerings reported EBITDA losses this quarter of $235,000,000 reflecting an increased level of investment over last year and last quarter, due primarily to acceleration in growth we saw in Taiwan this quarter. As a result of rapidly increasing potential we see within developing offerings, most notably in Taiwan, we now expect developing offerings adjusted EBITDA losses for the full year to be between $900 and $950,000,000 This investment is a reflection of the increasing level of confidence we have in the near and long term potential for these offerings.

Taiwan, in particular, accounts for the large majority of the revision in our full year estimate. We are excited about the accelerating levels of customer spend that’s driving our increased investments in Taiwan, as it follows a similar trend we saw in building our Product Commerce business in Korea. We see this as a very attractive investment given our confidence in our ability to compound revenue and improve margins over the years to come. And as always, we will continue to balance these investments with our commitment to remain focused on disciplined capital allocation and operational excellence. On a trailing twelve month basis, we generated $1,900,000,000 in operating cash flow and $784,000,000 of Free Cash Flow, which decreased $729,000,000 versus last year.

This decrease is primarily driven by timing of CapEx spend as well as impacts of certain working capital fluctuations in the current and previous trailing twelve month periods that we expect to normalize by the end of the year. Our effective income tax rate was 84% this quarter, driven primarily by the losses in our early stage operations in Taiwan, as well as restructuring related losses at Farfetch, for which we received no tax benefit. We now anticipate a temporarily high effective tax rate of between 65% to 70% for the full year and our cash tax obligation for the year to be closer to 60%. Over the long term, we continue to expect to normalize to an effective tax rate closer to 25%. Operator, we are now ready to begin the Q and A.

Krista, Conference Operator: Please limit your questions to two per person. We’ll pause for just a moment to compile the Q and A roster. The first question is from Stanley Yang from JPMorgan. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Stanley Yang, Analyst, JPMorgan: Hi. Thank you for the opportunity to ask the questions. I have two questions. My first question is about the margin. So it’s encouraging to see the Product Commerce EBITDA margin expansion up to 9%.

Going into second half, the market currently expects your previous comments on declining IT cloud spending as a percentage of revenue to serve a margin tailwind in second half. Do you expect further product commerce margin improvement in second half on already high base? My second question is about the AI. So global and local big tech companies are leading AI investment and strategies. What will be your major AI strategies going forward?

How can it change your business strategy? Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Thanks, Emily. I’ll I’ll take the the second question first. You know, AI has been core to our operations and strategy for years. We’ve leveraged the these technologies to improve nearly every aspect of our, customer experience and operations from, personalized recommendations, dynamic pricing, inventory forecasting, route optimization, to name a few. Those applications and that integration has directly contributed to the results that you’ve seen over the last few quarters and years around customer engagement and improved operational efficiency.

Looking ahead, we see AI as a long term enabler of both top line growth and margin expansion, especially with generative AI and large language models. Our focus remains on practical high impact applications. Practical applications that scale with our core offerings and enable us to deliver meaningful gains in customer experience and productivity. One example where we’re seeing immediate impact is around software development, where in our early implementations, while still early, we’re seeing up to 50% of the new code written by AI. We also expect AI to have a transformative impact on our operations over time through enhanced automation and humanoid robotics among other things.

Similar to our strategy for investing capital in any facet of our business, you can be sure that we’ll be disciplined in how we allocate those resources and increase levels of spend only when we see strong evidence of high potential returns.

Gaurav Anand, CFO, Coupang: Yeah, I’ll take over on the margin question, Stanley. So, our product commerce margins have now reached 9% and continue to grow at an impressive rate. There still remains large opportunities for us to leverage technology, AI automation, and expand margin accretive offerings, and improve processes among many other things that’s going on there. So we expect product commerce to lead to those levels of over 10% margin and consolidated to follow the same path. But while we don’t expect margins to grow in a linear manner quarter over quarter, we still see tremendous opportunity from the same drivers and expect them to contribute, you know, to even further annual margin expansion for quarters to come.

And on the OG and A expenses, as we have discussed previously, we have seen an increase in tech related spend over the past few quarters in terms of percentage of total revenue. We believe this is key to building a more scalable foundation for future growth as we enhance our internal capabilities. And the tech spend was a large part of the increase in the OG and A as a percentage of revenues this quarter. It was also impacted by higher expenses within developing offerings, including certain nonrecurring and restructuring costs related to Farfetch. That said, we continue to expect consolidated OG and A expenses to decline as a percentage of revenue in the near to medium term.

I hope that answers your questions,

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Stanley. Thank you.

Krista, Conference Operator: The next question comes from Eric Shaw from Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. You may begin.

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Yes. Hi. Thank you for the opportunity. So, I’ve got two questions around developing offerings. I think Garo just mentioned about the guidance increase for developing offering investments for this year.

Could you share with us whether you believe this investment could peak this year? Or could it structurally go up in a foreseeable future driven by Taiwan? Any color on next year would be really helpful. The second question is specifically around Taiwan. Could you let us know whether could you provide some color on the gross profit margin or unit economics around Taiwan, whether it’s positive or negative currently?

If it is in the negative, when you expect that to turn positive? Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Hi, Eric. I’ll take the question on Taiwan. As I called out earlier, our conviction in Taiwan is high and rising. We’re very encouraged by the progress that we’re seeing and especially by the similarity to Korea in its early years. The trajectory and the patterns that we’re seeing are very similar.

I think you can probably tell that we’re excited about the momentum and especially about the customer response to the value proposition that we’re providing. Taiwan’s growth accelerating is driven by repeat customers driving the majority of that growth, which we see as a very positive signal about our product market fit and the long term potential of the offerings there. Again, the structure, the dynamics, I think are very similar to Korea. We are also of course seeing scaling inefficiencies that we’ve seen in the past, but we’re very confident. We’ve seen these before.

It’s very similar to and very typical of our operations at this scale, at this stage. And we’re very confident that we’ll deliver over time outsized value to customers and shareholders.

Gaurav Anand, CFO, Coupang: Yeah, and addressing your question on the investments in developing offerings. As you know, we manage our developing offerings portfolio as a pool of individual investments with each offering at a different stage in maturity. So we don’t break down the level of losses for each. And any guidance we provide around the combined level of investment is focused on the decisions we have made this year, where we have the most visibility to the momentum we are seeing. It would be too early for us to make any decision now on what that investment levels may look like beyond this year.

We’ll have more to share on that as we get to the start of next year. But our overall guidance that our margins continue to increase in a consolidated basis year over year still holds.

Krista, Conference Operator: The next question is from Sailan Park from Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Sailan Park, Analyst, Morgan Stanley: Hi, good morning. Thank you for the opportunity. I have two questions. Given that we’re the past questions have been on developing often, why don’t I start there? I I think it was on the news that, Kupang had applied for, a government project, to manage some of the the GPUs that the government, is is trying to procure.

Can maybe can you comment on whether, getting involved in, the data center or the GPU, management business is something that the company is considering, as kind of a next growth opportunity? Any comments on that would be, much appreciated. My second question kind of comes back to product commerce, you know, with with the new government and and, the supplementary budgets and some of the measures that, the government is doing to try to get, our consumptions back, back on track. Are you seeing, trends of maybe a bit better growth or a reacceleration of growth, from the domestic consumer side, going into the second half? That would be my second question.

Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Hi, Sarah. Thanks for the questions. On your first question, I think I should note that we’ve been developing our own AI computing infrastructure to service our internal needs for some time now. In addition to the capacity that we source from external providers, the bulk of the investment today, and it’s relatively small, is dedicated to building out that internal capability for higher performance and cost savings. We’re also exploring the potential to provide access to that technology and service that we’re developing internally to external enterprise customers as a test and learn initiative.

And that’s being done on a very small scale. We’ll continue to be disciplined in how we allocate resources there and provide updates in the future if there are meaningful changes. On the macro environment, I think, first of all, our growth outlook for the full year remains in line with the guidance that we provided at the start of the year. Constant currency consolidated growth rate of roughly 20%. I think it is worth reminding everyone that we are still a small share of the overall retail markets that we serve.

And what drives our growth is this quarter and past quarters have not been one time bumps or cycles, deeper and increasing engagement from our customers. As I mentioned earlier, the spend of every single quarter of our customers, even our oldest continues to compound and grow at strong double digit rates. And that’s driven by continued improvement and obsession around our overall customer experience in areas like selection, service, and price. And whatever the fluctuations in the macro environment that we’ve seen, as long as we deliver on selection, service, and price, and the customer experience, we’re confident we can continue to significantly outpace the retail growth for years to come. If there are any meaningful changes to our outlook, we’ll update the guidance as needed.

But we’re focused on the things that we control and remain very confident that that is the primary driver of our growth for years to come.

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Thank you.

Krista, Conference Operator: Our next question comes from Zheng Shao from Barclays. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Zheng Shao, Analyst, Barclays: Thank you very much for taking my questions. Firstly, to follow-up on the developing offering investments. I think as you mentioned earlier, bulk of the losses or investments for Taiwan, and there was a pretty big step up in the losses in Q2. And I think last quarter, you mentioned that you’re running a trial for the boots on the ground, last mile delivery. So I was wondering if you can elaborate a bit on what are some of the areas for the investments in Taiwan in particular, and also where you are in terms of the doing the last mile delivery there.

My second question is about the gross margin drivers. You made a very, very significant and impressive year over year growth or expansion in gross margins for your product commerce. Could you just sort of talk about behind that improvement, where the expansion came from in terms of is that a higher margin revenue mix growing much faster? How much of the expansion came from the core kind of 1P product commerce? Any sort of explanation or elaboration would be very helpful.

Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Hi, John. Thanks for your questions. I’ll I’ll take the the first question. You know, there are there are multiple initiatives and, customer offerings, at various stages of of testing in Taiwan. Some bearing fruit now, some we expect to bear fruit in the future, and and some just too early to tell.

You know, our our strategy to investing in Taiwan is no different from how we allocate capital across our overall business. We’ll we’ll continue to test and learn and iterate and expand our investment when we’re we’re convinced of the of our ability to generate attractive cash flows over the long term. Know, many of the initiatives, including the ones you mentioned, are are in very early stages and and too early to discuss. But as we saw in Korea, the the the teams are focused on the right things. You know, I think the same obsession around customer experience, wow, and operational rigor and excellence, is there.

And, you know, we’re we’re confident that many of the things that we’re we’re testing will develop into impactful moments of wow for our customers over time.

Gaurav Anand, CFO, Coupang: Yeah. On second part of the question, Jiong, product covers, gross profit grew 26% year over year in constant currency, and the margins expanded two thirty basis points year over year. This expansion is the result of all the benefits we have seen from increased efficiency across operations, improvement in supply chain optimization, and other margin accretive offerings that we have mentioned earlier. And there still remains large opportunities to leverage technology, AI automation, the margin accretive offerings expansion, improving processes across the board, and many other things that will enhance the customer experience and reduce waste. On a EBITDA basis, we expect pro commerce to continue to increase margins and lead those levels of over 10 plus percent, 10% margins that we have indicated earlier.

Thanks.

Krista, Conference Operator: Will now take our last question from the line of Wen Fang from Mizuho. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Thank you. Thank you for taking my question. First one on your Taiwan business, I think last quarter you said there was a selection growth for like 500 growth year over year, which I guess led to the customer growth and then revenue growth this quarter. Just curious, is this, growth in selection maintaining this quarter, and what categories are you seeing the biggest growth? And secondly, on your, on the food delivery and career, I was curious, ever since you introduced the pickup orders for food delivery, how should we think about the margin trend as a result of that kind of initiative?

Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: I think the first question was around selection in Taiwan. Is that right, Wei?

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Yes, yes. Thank you.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: I think, you know, we’re at such a small share and small penetration across all of our categories there. We’ll continue to add and broaden selection across the board. And we expect that to be our focus for a long time to come. And very encouraged by the response of our customers to that. On the food delivery side, I think we continue to see strong performance there.

I think they’ve continued to also maintain the strong momentum that we’ve seen over the past few quarters. Our focus there across a number of initiatives is to provide the best selection, greatest value, fastest and most reliable delivery for customers, very similar to our retail offerings. Again, I think we are very encouraged by the customer’s response there, where we’re seeing increasingly stronger engagement. Eats is still far from its full potential, both in terms of scale and customer engagement and even operational excellence. So, we’ll continue to make improvements there.

I think it’s too early to talk about any number of initiatives that we have. I think you’ve mentioned one, but we have a culture. I think there was an earlier question also about some of the initiatives that we’re doing in Taiwan. I do want to make a broader statement. We have a culture of empowering our teams to test ideas on a small scale that have the potential to expand customer value proposition.

And many of the things that we’re mentioning are really small scale tests. Some of those initiatives will bear fruit and develop into rich offerings that provide significant value for customers. Some of those initiatives will never gain traction or may not make economic sense and will run out of funding. And so I think if they work, we’ll lean into it, develop it, broaden it. If they don’t, we won’t fund it going forward.

And we have a broad portfolio of these initiatives throughout the company, and that culture of experimentation and innovation is responsible for many of the successes we’ve had as a company since our inception. And I think many of these initiatives are too early or too small to really talk about. But you can be confident that we are approaching these initiatives thoughtfully and rigorously. That we are evaluating a range of factors that are critical to building not only the customer value in the offering, but to building a sustainable and accretive offering for our shareholders. And if we see meaningful opportunities, will continue to lean into it further.

And as these initiatives develop, we will share more updates as appropriate in the future.

Eric Shaw, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Very helpful. Thank you, Bob.

Bom Kim, Founder and CEO, Coupang: Thank you.

Krista, Conference Operator: This concludes today’s conference call. Thank you, and you may now disconnect.

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