Earnings call transcript: Niagen Bioscience Q3 2025 beats forecasts, stock dips

Niagen Bioscience Inc. (NAGE) reported its third-quarter earnings for 2025, surpassing analyst expectations with an earnings per share (EPS) of $0.05 against a forecast of $0.02. Revenue also exceeded projections, reaching $34 million compared to the expected $30.83 million. Despite these positive results, the company’s stock fell 3.73% to $7.06 in after-hours trading, reflecting a mixed market reaction.

Key Takeaways

• Niagen Bioscience’s Q3 2025 EPS of $0.05 exceeded forecasts by 150%.
• Revenue grew 33% year-over-year to $34 million.
• Stock price dropped by 3.73% in after-hours trading.
• Gross margin improved to 64.5%.
• Revised full-year revenue growth guidance to 25-30%.

Company Performance

Niagen Bioscience demonstrated robust growth in Q3 2025, with a 33% increase in revenue year-over-year. The company’s net income rose to $4.6 million, up from $1.9 million in the same quarter last year. This growth was driven by significant gains in its distribution business, which saw a 109% increase, and a steady performance in its ingredient business.

Financial Highlights

• Revenue: $34 million, up 33% year-over-year
• Net Income: $4.6 million, up from $1.9 million in Q3 2024
• Gross Margin: 64.5%, up 100 basis points
• Cash Position: $64.3 million with no debt

Earnings vs. Forecast

Niagen Bioscience’s EPS of $0.05 significantly beat the forecasted $0.02, marking a 150% surprise. The revenue of $34 million also surpassed the expected $30.83 million, reflecting a 10.28% surprise. This performance highlights the company’s strong execution and market position.

Market Reaction

Despite the earnings beat, Niagen Bioscience’s stock fell 3.73% in after-hours trading to $7.06. This decline may be attributed to broader market trends or investor concerns about future growth prospects. The stock remains within its 52-week range of $5.16 to $14.69.

Outlook & Guidance

The company revised its full-year revenue growth guidance to 25-30%, reflecting confidence in its ongoing initiatives. Key upcoming projects include the launch of a telehealth platform for at-home injections by mid-2026 and potential expansion into pharmaceutical applications.

Executive Commentary

"Our 25-plus-year mission is rooted in one goal: delivering scientifically proven solutions to address one of life’s greatest challenges. Aging," said Rob Fried, CEO. CFO Ozan Pamir emphasized, "Science continues to be the cornerstone of our company."

Risks and Challenges

• Regulatory challenges, such as the FDA’s NMN ruling, could impact product offerings.
• Market competition, particularly in NAD precursor products, remains intense.
• Economic pressures may affect consumer spending on wellness products.

Q&A

Analysts inquired about the impact of the FDA’s NMN ruling, to which the company noted minimal effects. Questions also focused on potential telehealth partnerships and the exploration of Niagen Plus as a complement to GLP-1 medications.

Full transcript - Niagen Bioscience Inc (NAGE) Q3 2025:

Tamika, Conference Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Niagen Biosciences Inc. Third Quarter of 2025 Earnings Conference Call. My name is Tamika, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode, and as a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. This afternoon, Niagen Biosciences issued a news release announcing the company’s financial results for the third quarter of 2025. If you have not reviewed this information, both are available within the investor relations section of Niagen Biosciences’ website at www.niagenscience.com. I will now turn the conference over to Kendall Knysch, Senior Director of Publicity and Public Relations. Please go ahead, Ms. Knysch.

Kendall Knysch, Senior Director of Publicity and Public Relations, Niagen Biosciences: Thank you. Good afternoon, and welcome to Niagen Biosciences Inc.’s Third Quarter of 2025 Conference Call. With us today are Niagen Biosciences’ Chief Executive Officer, Rob Fried, Chief Financial Officer, Ozan Pamir, and Senior Vice President of Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Dr. Andrew Hsiao. Dr. Hsiao will join the call for Q&A. Today’s conference call may include forward-looking statements, including statements related to the company’s research and development and clinical trial plans, and the timing and results of such trials, the timing of future regulatory filings, the expansion of the sale of Niagen products and ingredients in new markets. Business development opportunities, future financial results, cash needs, operating performance, investor interest, and business prospects and opportunities, as well as anticipated results of operations. Forward-looking statements represent only the company’s estimates on the date of this conference call and are not intended to give any assurance to the actual future results.

Because forward-looking statements relate to matters that have not yet occurred, these statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties. Many factors could cause Niagen Biosciences’ actual activities or results to differ materially from the activities and results anticipated in forward-looking statements. These risk factors include those contained in Niagen Biosciences’ quarterly report on Form 10Q most recently filed with the SEC, including results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, as well as global market and economic conditions on our business. Please note that the company assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this conference call to conform with the forward-looking statements’ actual results or to changes in its expectations. In addition, certain financial information presented in this call references non-GAAP financial measures.

The company’s earnings presentation and earnings press release, which were issued this afternoon, are available on the company’s website, present reconciliations to the appropriate GAAP measures. Finally, this conference call is being recorded via webcast. The webcast will be available at the investor relations section of our website at www.NiagenBiosciences.com. With that, it is now my pleasure to turn the call over to our Chief Executive Officer, Rob Fried.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Thank you, Kendall. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us on today’s investor call. For the third quarter, I am quite pleased to share that we delivered yet another record performance with $34 million in revenue, a 33% increase year over year, and a net income of $4.6 million compared to a net income of $1.9 million last year. We ended the quarter with $64.3 million in cash and no debt. Our e-commerce business continues to anchor our growth, delivering net sales of $19 million, a 29% increase year over year. The distribution business grew 109% year over year with $7 million in revenue, while our Niagen ingredient business remained steady, bringing in $6.9 million. During the third quarter, we onboarded a new strategic partner with access to a network of over 8,000 medical and healthcare practitioners, strengthening the Tru Niagen distributor revenues.

This partnership supports our ongoing mission to educate healthcare practitioners, patients, and consumers that Niagen is the most efficient, effective, and only legal and highest quality NAD booster available. It also expands our communications engine to amplify awareness of Niagen’s 40 peer-reviewed published clinical studies, our new study results, and the healthy aging benefits of Niagen. Niagen Plus remains a key strategic focus for the company. In August, Niagen Plus at-home injection kits were launched now only available to patients with a prescription from their practitioner but we plan to expand distribution of the at-home injection kits via our own telehealth platform and leverage our e-commerce expertise to reach more patients. Last month, we announced that we added iCryo to our clinic network and are currently in over 50 of their clinics nationwide.

As of today, we have now onboarded more than 1,000 wellness and healthcare clinics across the United States to offer our Niagen Plus product line. As most of you may have noticed, the NAD market in general continues to expand quite rapidly yet it has still only met a fraction of its potential. The supplement and injection markets are still at early stages, but there also remain considerable opportunity for NAD-boosting innovations in skincare, cosmetics, food, beverage, and of course, in drug applications but it is critically important for everyone to understand that the NAD molecule itself is very large and is a nucleotide, meaning it cannot enter cells directly. It is therefore ineffective at directly boosting NAD levels. One needs a precursor to enter the cell and then convert into NAD, and of course, the best precursor by quite a lot is Niagen NR.

This is likely the reason why NAD IVs take hours to ingest, and they have significant unpleasant side effects. There are no studies that show that oral NAD supplementation increases cellular NAD. Yet, as you know, we have over 40 published peer-reviewed clinical studies in NR. Indeed, last month, the National Advertising Division, an independent advertising review arm of the Better Business Bureau, agreed with this position. Niagen Biosciences made a formal challenge against. One particular company that was making false claims about its products that feature the NAD molecule. The National Advertising Division found that this company lacked human clinical evidence to support claims that NAD itself elevates NAD levels in the body since NAD itself is not bioavailable and there are no published human studies, oral or otherwise, demonstrating that it elevates cellular or tissue NAD.

The National Advertising Division’s decision affirms the importance of scientific substantiation for safety and benefit claims in an industry quite crowded with brands seeking to capitalize on this big trend. At the end of September, the FDA reversed a prior determination that nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMN, could not be lawfully marketed as a dietary supplement. We believe this decision will face quite strong opposition, and we expect further challenges but even when NMN was prohibited from being on the market, the companies that are selling it presently were selling it. They were ignoring the previous FDA decision anyway, and what we see in the months since the decision is the same companies are continuing to sell at a comparable pace. We also will note that we and others have tested many NMN products on the market, and most do not meet product label claims.

It’s important to highlight that the businesses that have been and continue to sell NMN are likely infringing on existing NMN patents that are owned by Niagen Biosciences and another company throughout the global market, so technically, NMN continues to be illegal. While NMN, as an NAD precursor, does elevate NAD levels, Niagen is the superior scientifically validated, safe, and most efficient and effective way to elevate NAD levels. Last quarter, I discussed two studies investigating the effects of NR supplementation on patients experiencing symptoms of long COVID. One study conducted by Harvard University examined the effect of NR supplementation on fatigue, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and cognition. This study will be published later this month. There is also another study conducted in Norway that is undergoing peer review. We continue to make steady progress toward Parkinson’s disease and ataxia-telangiectasia, or AT, indications.

As mentioned last quarter, the phase III NOPAR clinical trial was completed in June, and we expect the results of that study to be published in early 2026. We are incorporating the FDA’s feedback into our strategy for AT and continue to engage with the agency to prepare for an investigational new drug application. In an industry often marked by unverified claims and inconsistent quality, Niagen Biosciences stands apart for its scientific rigor, authenticity, integrity, transparency, and innovation. While we maintain a portfolio of several NAD precursors, nicotinamide riboside, patented as Niagen, is the most efficient, effective, and extensively researched NAD precursor. As we have said, supported by over 40 peer-reviewed clinical studies with more than 50 patents and used in over 300 research collaborations. I am, and I remain, proud of the team’s commitment to the company’s initiatives and of the progress we have made over the years.

Our 25-plus-year mission is rooted in one goal: delivering scientifically proven solutions to address one of life’s greatest challenges. Aging. I would like to hand the call over to Ozan to run through the quarter’s financials and then on to Q&A and closing remarks. Ozan?

Ozan Pamir, Chief Financial Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Thanks, Rob. It is a pleasure to once again address our investors, partners, and team members today and present another quarter of exceptional results. As Rob highlighted, we delivered another quarter of record revenues and continued profitability. This performance we’re seeing is a testament to our team’s commitment to operational discipline and delivering on our key initiatives and to the growing general awareness of Niagen as the premier solution to boost NAD levels. In the third quarter of 2025, we brought in $34 million in revenue, an increase of 33%, or $8.4 million from the same period last year. Tru Niagen revenue grew by 44% to $26 million, a $7.9 million year-over-year increase, driven primarily by e-commerce revenue of $19 million, which was 29%, or $4.3 million higher. Our Niagen ingredient revenue was $6.9 million, up 4%, or $300,000 year-over-year.

Within the ingredients business, we delivered $6.4 million in food-grade Niagen sales to key partners and $500,000 in pharma-grade Niagen sales. Tru Niagen distribution remains a key growth opportunity both domestically and internationally. While we anticipate quarterly fluctuations with Watson’s, we continue to work closely with them to strengthen Tru Niagen’s brand presence in Hong Kong and to launch Tru Niagen in additional Asia-Pacific markets. Domestically, we’re focused on expanding our distribution through partners with access to healthcare practitioners and other key channels, which contributed to the growth in the third quarter. As Rob mentioned, our new partner will give us access to thousands of medical and healthcare practitioners, a key part of our efforts to reinforce that Niagen is the most effective, efficient, and clinically validated NAD booster, while amplifying awareness of the growing body of clinical research supporting it.

Our gross margin improved to 64.5% in the third quarter, up 100 basis points compared to 63.5% a year ago. This improvement was driven primarily by changes in product mix, improvements in labor and overhead utilization, and the use of lower-cost inventory purchases in production. While we expect that gross margins will improve year-over-year on a full-year basis compared to 61.8% in 2024, we expect that gross margins will normalize on a quarterly basis moving forward. Selling and marketing expense as a percentage of net sales improved to 25.8% compared to 27.5% in the third quarter of 2024, reflecting our continued investments in growing global brand awareness of Niagen and doing so efficiently. Research and development expense was $1.8 million, $500,000 higher year-over-year. Science continues to be the cornerstone of our company as we continue to invest in research and innovation to further our studies and R&D projects.

General and administrative expenses totaled $7.1 million, an $800,000 increase compared to the previous year. This increase is primarily driven by increased share-based compensation expense. And finally, our net income for the third quarter of 2025 was $4.6 million, or $0.06 per share, a significant improvement compared to $1.9 million, or $0.02 per share, for the third quarter of 2024. Turning to the balance sheet and cash flow. Our balance sheet continues to strengthen. We ended the quarter with $64.3 million cash and no debt. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash provided by operations was $12.8 million compared to $3.5 million in the same period last year.

This year-over-year increase was mostly driven by an $11.9 million increase in net income, along with other positive shifts in working capital, such as higher accounts payable, significantly improved collections on trade receivables, and increased share-based compensation expense compared to the prior year period. These were offset by increased inventory levels to support operational expansion. Regarding our full-year 2025 outlook, detailed information on key financial metrics can be found in our earnings press release and presentation. Building on the strong momentum year to date, we recently revised our revenue growth guidance from 22% to 27% to 25% to 30% year-over-year. We remain confident in our updated full-year guidance, supported by our strong e-commerce business and existing and new partnerships in the rapidly expanding NAD market.

We’re also revising our outlook for research and development expenses to decline as a percentage of net sales while still increasing in absolute dollars compared to our previous expectation of remaining stable as a percentage of net sales and increasing in absolute dollars. This adjustment reflects changes in timing of studies and projects. Finally, we are revising our outlook for general and administrative expenses. We now expect expenses to be up $8-$9 million in absolute dollars year-over-year compared to the previous expectation of a $7-$8 million increase. This change in G&A expectations is primarily driven by increased share-based compensation expense. One year into my tenure as CFO of Niagen Biosciences, I want to express how proud I am to be part of an organization that not only leads and defines the NAD category but does so with integrity and professionalism.

Looking ahead to 2026 and beyond, I’m confident in our ability to deliver significant returns to our shareholders. Operator, you’re now ready to take questions.

Tamika, Conference Operator: Thank you. If you would like to ask a question, press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If your question has been answered and you would like to remove yourself from the queue, press star one. Your first question is from the line of Jeff Cohen with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co.

Hi, this is Destiny on for Jeff. Thank you for taking our questions. I’m curious, with the new partnership for IV, I’m curious to know what the uptake’s looking like, any feedback you’ve received from those clinics, and if you’re getting any sense, which potentially no, but if you’re getting any sense of what the number of patients they’re treating per week or month, whatever clarity you have there is great.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: It’s a little early, Destiny, for that. They just made the purchase toward the end of the quarter. And so they’ve only just begun the process of reselling the material to their physician network and presenting it. So we don’t have any direct feedback from them yet.

Okay, got it, and then I’m curious about NAD. Where does this fit in your marketing funnel? Is this something that a potential consumer would see early on, or is this something that would maybe fall a little later, further down the funnel prior to purchase? Just curious.

With regard to NAD?

Your About NAD site.

Oh, About NAD. Sorry. The About NAD website is something that we maintain, but it’s an objective website. It’s actually not in any way connected to or part of the purchasing funnel. It’s just an information resource for journalists, investors, researchers, people who are generally interested in the true up-to-date science of NAD, what are the actual published studies, clinical and preclinical. As you know, as a dietary supplement company, the rules are clear, and we stick to the rules that one cannot imply a claim for a disease state, even if your product cures a disease. So if one conducts a study on a disease and it’s actually therapeutic or prophylactic, they’re very limited in what they can do with the information. So About NAD is a great resource where we can publish all the studies, not just the Niagen studies, but all NAD-related studies.

So people can go to the search bar, type in any disease indication that they are concerned about or want to know about, and they’ll see the studies that have been published to date without any noise of commerce or any attempt to try to push a product.

Tamika, Conference Operator: Your next question is from the line of Susan Anderson with Canaccord Genuity.

Susan Anderson, Analyst, Canaccord Genuity: Hi, good evening. Nice to have you on the call. I guess maybe just a follow-up on the at-home injection. So it sounds like they’re at physician offices. Are they at all of the offices, I guess, where you can also go to to get the injection in-office? And then also, how should we think about that rollout? Will they go. Will you go into other distribution? And then I think you mentioned. You’re going to put them on your own telehealth platform. So maybe if you could talk about that a little bit, how should we think about that getting up and running? And will this be in conjunction with your own DTC platform as well? Thanks.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Yes, that’s an important series of questions. Thank you, Susan.

Susan Anderson, Analyst, Canaccord Genuity: Sure.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: We do believe that the at-home kits are important for our future. But we’re doing it like most things that we do, carefully and slowly. And although there is an at-home kit available in the market, one needs to go to a clinic to purchase it at this point in time. And we’re still working on the user experience to make sure that it’s optimized. So it’ll be several months at least before it is available on our website. We are developing our own telehealth capability. Where one could go to trueniagen.com or niagenplus.com. And get a prescription from a physician online, much like the classic telehealth companies, and it would be delivered to their home via a pharmacy. But we don’t expect that functionality to be available for maybe two quarters, probably middle of next year.

We do expect that some of the existing telehealth companies that are out there right now will be making it available to their customers. There are studies being done presently on Niagen injection as a potential complement to GLP-1. As you know, one of the leading side effects for these GLP-1s are muscle loss. And we believe that there is a benefit to elevating NAD with Tru Niagen or with Niagen Plus to a muscle density. So we hope that the results indicate that. And if that’s the case, we expect to see some of the existing telehealth companies to offer it either in addition or as a complement to their GLP-1 products or the separate standalone anti-aging at-home injection product. We expect that also to be somewhere in the middle of next year.

Susan Anderson, Analyst, Canaccord Genuity: Okay. Great. That was actually going to be my next question. So I assume you’re already in conversations with them. And I guess, are there multiple other telehealth platforms that you’re talking to?

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Yes.

Susan Anderson, Analyst, Canaccord Genuity: Okay. Great. I guess just looking at Tru Niagen, I’m curious, since the FDA’s announcement on NMN, have you seen any change in purchasing behavior by consumers, I guess, in your own products, whether that’s higher, lower, or just changed behavior at all since the announcement? Or do you think it was really kind of a non-event?

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Yeah. It’s only been five or six weeks, and we haven’t noticed anything yet. We’ve seen basically the same sellers that never stopped selling it, continuing to sell it, maybe one or two new brands that we never heard of. None of the existing established, reputable, play-by-the-rules brands have entered the space, probably mostly because they know that there’s a very good chance that the FDA will reverse this reversal again. And because there are patents. And most of the well-managed, reputable companies in dietary supplements don’t blatantly go against existing patents. The ones that play in the space. The main beneficiaries of that rule are these Chinese manufacturing companies. It’s all coming out of China. And the smaller, earlier-stage dietary supplement companies that generally don’t really care much about the rules anyway.

And as you know, we’ve tested many of the existing NMN products on the market, and very few of them actually met label claims. Some of them had actually no NMN at all. We think NMN has, in its purest form, an ability to elevate NAD, not as well as Niagen, obviously, but it still does it. It’s still an effective way to elevate NAD. But at this point in time, we’re not seeing any meaningful impact from the change in that rule.

Tamika, Conference Operator: Your next question is from the line of Ram Selvaraju, H.C. Wainwright.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Hey, Ram. Rob. You with us?

Ram Selvaraju, Analyst, H.C. Wainwright: I appreciate that.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: You hear me? Yeah. We got you.

Ram Selvaraju, Analyst, H.C. Wainwright: Sorry about that. A couple of technical difficulties. Just wanted to ask about two aspects here. Firstly, wanted to see if you would be in a position at this juncture to elaborate on the possibility of establishing a standalone entity to pursue pharmaceutical Rx applications of nicotinamide riboside, particularly in the context of Parkinson’s disease, but not limited to Parkinson’s disease. And if you could maybe talk through some of the key decision-making factors that are likely to influence the timing and the nature of the manner in which you might go about establishing a standalone entity or venture to pursue those initiatives.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Thank you. It is likely that we will set up a standalone entity to manage the pharmaceutical pursuits. As you know, the two primary indications at this point are Parkinson’s disease and ataxia-telangiectasia, AT. There are other disease indications for which we’ve been doing studies. Some have been early-stage, have been published. Others are ongoing, but at this point, we’re waiting for some of these studies to be completed so that we can see the results, and we’ve had conversations with a number of pharma companies. And I think that the results of those studies and the results of those discussions will dictate when we exactly set up that separate entity and put all those rights into that entity. We might begin segment reporting in the next quarter or two.

Ram Selvaraju, Analyst, H.C. Wainwright: Thank you. That’s very helpful. Also, I wanted to ask about, more broadly speaking, how you are thinking about, in particular, the Niagen Plus, the Niagen Plus IV applicability in the context of, for example, broader access for GLP-1 medications, the continued prevalence of compounded versions of those drugs. And in particular, if you could perhaps quantify for us, now you’ve indicated through your press release that this manifestation of the product is available in over 1,000 clinics. Maybe you could give us a sense of how large that segment actually is in terms of the total number of clinics in which the product could be positioned and how long it might take for you to reach sort of steady-state maximal penetration in this segment, please.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: The way we view that segment is in two groups, and then there are subgroups of those two groups. There’s the injection market, and then there’s the IV market. And they’re distinct markets. The IV product itself will deliver a much higher dose. The injection market does still go straight into the bloodstream, but it’s injected at much smaller doses and generally takes place over a period of time. We think both injections and IVs are available in the clinics. And we think there are 2,000 to 3,000 of these IV clinics or wellness clinics in the U.S. But there are also several thousand physicians that administer NAD IVs or injections in office. So part of the reason we did this deal with this third-party company is to begin accessing actual physicians’ offices to administer some of these IVs and injections.

So we think between the two markets, and then there is even a potential third market, these Botox clinics. It could be as much as 10,000 individual offices in terms of the clinic market. Again, the clinic market is both IVs and injection. When we endeavored to pursue this business, which is quite different than the dietary supplement business, although it’s a similar molecule, but it’s a molecule pharmaceutical grade, very, very different supply chain and manufacturing process and approval process. And Ram, as you know, we also everything we do, we also apply for support patents, which we’ve done in the Niagen Plus business in addition to all of our ingredient and supplement businesses as well. But it’s a very, very different vertical with different operations, although the molecule is quite similar. But when we endeavored to get into this business, we didn’t contemplate the at-home injection market, GLP-1s.

It took us several years, five years or so, to get to where we are now in that business. Now we realize that there are tens of millions of people who are willing to self-inject in order to stay thin or get thin. And we’re hopeful that there will be many people that are interested in self-injecting in order to stay young or to complement the GLP-1 products that they’re injecting with. So the injection market, as we look at it today, appears to be significantly larger as an addressable market than the clinic market or the straight IV market. The other thing we didn’t know about at the time when we first entered this was the telehealth market in general. We started this process prior to COVID. So now we see the telehealth market is expanding quite rapidly, and it provides a fascinating service to the average consumer.

Integrating physicians’ prescriptions as well as very convenient and well-priced medications delivered straight to the home. So we see that as a very significant opportunity for Niagen. And from what we see in that telehealth market and in the clinic market, the players in that space seem to so far agree with it as well. One headwind that we’ve noticed so far is one very good partner in the compound pharmacy space who compounds Niagen and productizes it. They sell at a fairly high price, and then they sell it to the clinics who then sell it at an extremely high price, so the price to consumers of getting these IVs at this point is quite high. They’ve positioned it very much like a Rolls-Royce in this space. We think that until those prices come down to more manageable levels, the volume is not going to reach its potential.

So right now, it’s not a huge business for us, this pharmaceutical ingredient business that’s catering to Niagen Plus, and we don’t think it’s going to really take off in a significant way until those two things happen. Those two things being number one, the injection market, particularly the telehealth market, embraces it, and number two, the overall pricing at the clinics and physicians’ offices comes down fairly dramatically.

Tamika, Conference Operator: Your next question is from the line of Sean McGowan with Roth Capital Partners.

Sean McGowan, Analyst, Roth Capital Partners: Thank you. Good afternoon, guys. A couple of questions. Maybe first circling back on the impact of the FDA decision. You’ve talked a little bit about it not apparently having much impact, but has there been any discussion with customers about pricing in any ways? Is it having any impact on your ability to hold price where it is?

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: So you mean the FDA decision on NMN?

Sean McGowan, Analyst, Roth Capital Partners: Yeah. Yeah.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: You mean with our ingredient partners?

Sean McGowan, Analyst, Roth Capital Partners: Yes.

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Most of them understand that. Those companies are not really that interested in anything other than Niagen. They’re always asking us to cut our prices, though, regardless of if there’s FDA or not. So.

Sean McGowan, Analyst, Roth Capital Partners: One way to good prices, right?

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Exactly.

Sean McGowan, Analyst, Roth Capital Partners: Okay. Got it. And then maybe for Ozan. The gross margin overall was higher than I thought, and it was especially higher in consumer where I thought we would see kind of things drip down a little bit. Can you drill down a little bit more on how, I guess, un-normal the margin in the consumer segment might have been in the quarter when you say that you expect it to normalize? How far above normal do you think those factors that you cited have put that margin? So what should we expect in terms of normalization?

Rob Fried, Chief Executive Officer, Niagen Biosciences: Yeah. So. The gross margin in the quarter was driven. A lot of it was driven by still some of the leftover inventory, the lower-cost inventory we had. And also improved product mix. But once we are through that lower-cost inventory, it will normalize, but we have also increased our outlook to. Previously, it was slight improvement. We are now seeing an improvement. We’re not able to put a percentage on it. But it will be better than last year. That’s what we can say.

Tamika, Conference Operator: At this time, there are no further questions. I will now hand the call back over to our presenters for closing remarks.

Thank you, Tamika. A replay of this call will be available beginning at 7:30 P.M. Eastern Time today. The replay number is 1-800-770-2030, and the replay ID is.

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