ATI at J.P. Morgan Industrials Conference: Aerospace and Defense Focus

On Wednesday, 12 March 2025, ATI Inc. (NYSE: ATI) presented at the J.P. Morgan Industrials Conference 2025, outlining its strategic position in the aerospace and defense sectors. The company emphasized its capabilities in titanium and nickel-based materials, while addressing both challenges and opportunities in the market. Key highlights included labor negotiations and strategies to meet growing demand.

Key Takeaways

• ATI’s defense sales reached $500 million in 2024, with strong growth expected.
• The company is focusing on stable production and debottlenecking to meet demand.
• ATI plans to invest approximately $200 million annually in CapEx over the next five years.
• The company has diversified supply chains to mitigate risks from tariffs and market changes.
• ATI projects revenues to exceed $5 billion by 2027, with EBITDA margins above 20%.

Financial Results

• Defense sales in 2024 amounted to $500 million, with growth rates in the high teens to low 20s.
• ATI anticipates significant growth in the jet engine business, with revenues projected to surpass $5 billion by 2027.
• EBITDA margins are expected to be well north of 20% by 2027.

Operational Updates

• Labor contract negotiations are ongoing, with positive discussions reported. The West Coast team has ratified the agreement, while talks continue with the East Coast team.
• ATI is focusing on stable production and debottlenecking efforts to meet strong demand, particularly in jet engine production.
• A new additive manufacturing facility in Florida aims to support defense customers, with a gradual ramp-up expected.

Future Outlook

• ATI plans to allocate $200 million annually to CapEx, with $120 million for growth and $80 million for maintenance.
• Investments will pivot towards enhancing nickel capabilities to support future growth and improve operational efficiencies.
• The company is prepared for potential impacts from VSMPO’s return to the titanium market and has mechanisms in place to manage tariff exposures.

Q&A Highlights

• ATI reassured investors about its strong relationships with key customers like Airbus and Boeing.
• The company is confident in its ability to manage geopolitical risks and maintain its market position.
• Management highlighted the importance of listening to employee needs during labor negotiations.

In conclusion, ATI’s presentation at the J.P. Morgan Industrials Conference 2025 demonstrated its strategic focus and commitment to growth in the aerospace and defense sectors. For further details, refer to the full transcript below.

Full transcript - J.P. Morgan Industrials Conference 2025:

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Good afternoon, and, welcome back to the Aerospace and Defense track here at the the JPMorgan Industrials Conference. I’m Seth Sifman, the US, Aerospace Defense Analyst. And, we are very grateful to have ATI here with us this afternoon to to talk about the company. And we have Don Newman, CFO. And we have Dave Weston, who runs Investor Relations.

Thank you both for coming. We really appreciate it. Glad to have you here.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Happy to be here.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Great. And, yes, maybe we’ll just kind of jump into some Q and A.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Let’s do that.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Good, good. Maybe start off with, I guess, something that’s been topical in the news recently has been labor contract. And so we saw, I guess, there’s been a few pieces of news, including the agreement with the union leadership last Friday, followed by news that part of the contract was accepted this week, part of it not accepted, but you’ll continue negotiating. So why don’t you give us an update on where things stand and how you’re thinking about that process going forward?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I’m happy to do that. So this is related to our USW representative teams. One team, about 1,000 people on the East Coast up in the Pennsylvania area, Pennsylvania and New York, and second group, about a 50 people on the West Coast. And the ratification vote was held here very recently. And the outcome of it was the West Coast team, which, again, is about 150 folks, did ratify the agreement.

The East Coast team did not ratify. And, so, up to this point, the conversations between the company and the union representatives have been very positive. And we’re expecting that we will reach agreement and it’ll be good outcome for the company as well as for our people. We did get an extension on the agreement, which had expired on February 28, and now we have that extended through April 30. And we’re confident that that will be, again, a good outcome.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Can you say anything about where the sticking points are?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: We, number one, don’t know quite yet.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I’m sure the USW representatives are having some conversations with the rank and file to understand where their concerns were. And I anticipate we’ll hear more as that unfolds. But our objective as a company is number one, to take care of our people. We appreciate our teammates. And number two, we want to make sure that we’re hearing their needs.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Okay. And then just from a procedural perspective, should we think so if the members don’t approve a contract, that’s one thing. In order for there to be a strike, does it have to be an affirmative vote to go ahead and strike?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I believe that’s the case. Okay. And and also importantly, from a ratification standpoint, it takes a simple majority to, to actually accept the contracts.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Right. Okay. Do you happen to know if is it a super majority to strike?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I cannot tell you off the top of my head.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Yes. Okay. Okay. But that’s helpful update. And so we’ll kind of watch this space for the next few months and how it unfolds.

I guess maybe stepping back thinking about the company overall, in your space kind of high end specialized metal applications, especially in aerospace. There’s a couple of different companies out there that people follow. Maybe if you just help people understand what you think makes ATI unique, where you guys play and what you do?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Sure. I’d be happy to do that. So first, we’re an aerospace and defense supplier, and we provide materials that are critical to commercial as well as defense applications. And the materials, our two primary materials are titanium and nickel. Nickel is about half of our sales, titanium another roughly 20% of our sales.

The applications that are that those materials are used are very, very advanced in many cases, including the hot section of the jet engine as and that does include rotated parts. And as you think about our capabilities, those capabilities include isothermic forgings, which are quite critical when it comes to actually producing the discs that go into that hot section of the jet engine. So from a titanium standpoint, the titanium materials that we produce have application in many cases around the airframe of the plane and again are critical to the actual flight of the commercial plane. From a defense standpoint, our defense applications are very broad. It is an area that’s growing at a good pace for us.

We saw growth rates in the high teens to low 20s in 2024 for defense. Our defense sales have reached about $500,000,000 in 2024. We expect that growth is going to continue. The applications are broad based and in high demand areas when it comes to defense, including the submarine applications, as well as armor applications for tanks, for example, with our titanium plate. And so because of the applications that we produce, we expect they’ll continue to be in quite high demand as the world continues to arm.

In addition to those capabilities, we have the materials that we’ve talked about more and more recently, and that is arhafnium, niobium and similar refractory materials. And those are materials that are used in applications for example, in electronics and high performance chips and also in nuclear applications. And so those also overlap into that defense space that I was just talking about, including the use of hafnium materials, hafnium and niobium based materials for hypersonic weapons, for example.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Yeah, I would think that’s an area, we’re probably poised to see some significant growth.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Yes. From a defense standpoint, we’re happy to be a part of putting in the hands of our soldiers the weapons that they need for defense. And we think we’re in a good position to continue to do that.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Excellent. So last year, we had some hiccups throughout the whole supply chain and aerospace industry, both in with related to July and strike at Boeing and related to engine production and CFM. ATI itself had some challenges during the year. As we think about this year, talk a little bit about how you’re situated and you and Kim Fields, the CEO, how you’re thinking about the year ahead and making sure that the company is able to kind of capitalize on the opportunities that are out there?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Sure. I’m happy to do that. So it starts with production. And we’re fortunate that we’re in many end markets where if you can produce it and you can ship it, you can sell it. And so our first and foremost focus is stable production.

And you’re right, Seth, we had some challenges in 2024 related to some of our key areas, including melt related to jet engine. We have seen great stabilization in that area, and I would expect that will continue. We’ve also been focused not only on the stable production, but also debottlenecking. Because of the stable production, our production rates should improve, which means then areas that were not bottlenecked in the past would be bottlenecked unless they were solved. And so we’re certainly focused on that.

Generally, again, demand very strong. So as you think about how we think about 2025 and beyond, we are pretty confident in the ability for us to hit our targets for 2025 and 2027. It starts with jet engine. And when you look at the growth rates on jet engine, it’s being driven really by two catalysts. One catalyst is the build rates around narrow body and wide body.

The second catalyst is demand driven by MRO. Both of those demand drivers are very, very strong. And so one of the key areas that we see continued strength in terms of commentary from our customers and orders, building a backlog, it’s around jet engine. And you can zero in on our forging business, for example. It’s a substantial portion of that forging business is jet engine.

The backlog for that part of our business grew 19% in calendar twenty twenty four. And it’s not lightening up at this point. The communications from our customers are get ready, growth is continuing and it’s not just about 2025, it’s certainly strength beyond 2025.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Okay. And you talked about production and debottlenecking and I guess being able to handle the level of demand that’s coming down to the company. So you recently opened up a new facility in Florida focused on additive manufacturing. Maybe you could tell us a little bit about that.

How does that support your ability to produce in aerospace and defense?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: It’s a nice facility. It is related to additive manufacturing and it really is crossroads between our material science capabilities and our manufacturing capabilities. It is a facility that is primarily focused on supporting secured activities for our defense customers. And we did a grand opening here in just in the last month. And the response from our customers was very, very positive.

As a matter of fact, orders were coming in as part and parcel to the grand opening. And so I think that’s a very positive indicator. It’s a space that we can grow into. It’s a relatively modest start, and that’s really consistent with our conservative approach to capital investment. We do not build in anticipation of the customers coming, and instead we take a pretty conservative approach.

And once the demand is evidenced and orders start coming, then that’s when we are more comfortable making extended investments. So and that’s reflected in the contribution we’re expecting from this facility over the near term, which would be very modest, probably a little bit of a burn in the first year and then very modest contribution. But indications are based upon the early feedback from our customers and their response to our capabilities in that facility, I think it’s going to do really well for us. Okay.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: So that’s something that will ramp over a few years?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: It’ll ramp over a few years. And the reality is there are not a lot of secure facilities like this. And a couple the fact that there’s not a lot of them with the reputation that ATI has for raw material science and manufacturing. And it’s a really strong package to offer up to our customers.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Right. Okay. Okay. I guess a related question is just about CapEx. You guys have, I think, some elevated CapEx planned for this year.

So maybe if you could talk a little bit about what it’s for and what kind of unlocks the potential of the company. I guess, if we think about the current level of engine production at your customers and we think about where that should be in 2027, ’20 ’20 ’8, it should be significantly higher.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Yes.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: And so ATI obviously would be looking to support that. And so when you think about getting to those higher levels of production, what is the elevated CapEx from this year, how does that kind of enable that? Sure.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I’d be happy to. So as you think about our CapEx, first, let’s kind of set a threshold so you have a sense as to how we think about CapEx spend. So first and foremost, we put a stake in the ground a couple of times around annual CapEx spend. And what we’ve indicated is, on average, we would expect to spend around $200,000,000 on CapEx annually over the coming five years. And we have certainly been within that threshold.

That $200,000,000 has two components, no surprise, part of its growth, part of its maintenance. The growth way to think about growth is it’s around $120,000,000 and the way you think about maintenance, around $80,000,000 And maintenance is quite important to us. Again, that ability to produce is critical. You don’t get revenues unless you make the product. But from a CapEx standpoint in general, what you would see is a focus beyond maintenance now, a focus on melt capabilities as a key starting point.

And if you look at the last few years where we have focused our capital, it has been focused on titanium melt. That’s where a lot of the demand growth has been seen in the industry. We also expended monies for a press that supported not just titanium but also nickel. And those investments are very, very well positioned to take advantage of the ramping build rates as well as the ramping Emerald. Then what you’ll see going forward is, I believe, a bit of a pivot.

Now that we’ve got our titanium settled and we’ve got that in place, we haven’t spent a lot on expansion of our nickel capabilities. So next phase of our strategy would be to enhance our nickel capabilities in addition to other key items like the additive facility that we’ve talked about. But nickel is it is the primary material that is going to drive our growth related to jet engine, especially in the differentiated products in the hot section of the jet engine, for example, or forgings being a key example of that. So we want to make sure that we have the right capacity and the right capabilities when it comes to nickel. So that means melt, it means finishing and all the equipment that comes with that.

This is an opportunity for us continue to extend our competitive advantages around the jet engine space and do that within the spending limits that we have put on ourselves. That $200,000,000 is a limit that’s self that is self imposed. But we think that it gives us enough to really give us a sensible capital allocation that will feed both growth as well as delevering and ultimately return of capital to our shareholders.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Right. And these kind of growth initiatives are kind of, I guess, intensifying the capability or kind of building out and adding on to existing facilities?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Both. Or new facilities? Yes, it’s both. Okay. But what it is also is it’s some of those investments are tied to debottlenecking.

And when you think about it, through our operating efficiencies or through incremental capacity upstream in our production, we create new bottlenecks downstream. Those new bottlenecks are, you know, you have to fix them in order to get the true benefit of your upstream production expansion. Well, those downstream investments we’re finding are often very modest investments to pick up significant increases in production because, you know, it’s just you need to add if you have five pieces of equipment, you need to add one piece of equipment, and that just opens up the pipe. And as a result, you can get very outsized returns on those types of investments. And it also derisk us from a reliability standpoint in some cases.

And so that would be another reason for that investment. Within

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: the engine business, how do you think about the mix evolving between forgings and nickel alloy?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: So a high, high percentage of our forgings are nickel.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Right,

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: right. So what I would expect is that our overall nickel sales or volumes will increase at a faster rate, I would guess, than our forgings, just because of demand for non forgings related materials.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Right. That’s I guess that’s what I was getting at. If we think about the kind of more downstream finished nickel based forgings versus some of the more non forging nickel demand for parts that are a little bit more upstream, As we think about that mix evolving, the demand is a little bit faster in the non forging piece of it?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: I would yes, that’s what I would expect. And so let’s talk about that a little bit more, make sure that I’m answering your question effectively. So what’s driving our growth in JetEngine? Our growth in JetEngine is it’s again our number one sales category. And what’s driving it is the growth in builds as well as MRO, and the builds includes narrow body as well as wide body.

Those are key catalysts for the growth in our jet engine business. If you think if you break down and you think about the growth rate that’s occurring or the growth that’s occurring in those three particular areas, we’re still very early stage on the build rates and their effect on demand for our nickel products as well as titanium. Can’t forget titanium. But that growth is still early on. What we’ve seen primarily at this point from a new build standpoint is growth in narrow body.

Think about wide body and the step up that we see in terms of share volume per plane when it comes to those wide bodies. We see triple or more the content requirements when you go to wide body. And so the ramp in widebody builds is going to be a really nice tailwind to our growth. And then there’s, of course, a lot of room to grow when it comes to narrowbodies, and that feeds the jet engine. Again, I can’t not mention, we’ve got a nice airframe business as well, so it feeds that.

But getting back to jet engine, MRO. So MRO is an area where we have seen significant growth, and it is not slowing down period. It’s an area where our jet engine business is current generation. And so current generation MRO is still early stages in its growth. And that’s because you look at current generation, the LEAP engines, LEAP engines are starting to come in for their overhaul cycles.

That’s just going to become bigger and bigger and bigger. So that’s going to hit our business in a growing way. So you combine those that new build and the MRO tailwinds, and we see some pretty substantial growth opportunities. It’s reflected in our 2027 targets. If you look there, we expect our business to be north of $5,000,000,000 in revenue and EBITDA margins, well north of 20%.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. I want to touch on, you mentioned titanium, which I think is important to touch on in light of current events. I get the question very often, ATI has 20 ish percent titanium exposure and, the Trump administration wants to normalize commercial relations with Russia and therefore, VSMPO is gonna come back in the market and end up taking share as we look forward. How do you see all that playing out?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: All right. It’s a fair question. So not a surprise to anybody in the room. Back in 2022, when the invasion of Ukraine happened, the VSMPO ended up in the penalty box in our industry, for the most part, went into the penalty box and up to that point had been a supply chain. Went into the penalty box and up to that point had been a supplier of what, Seth, upper to 30% of the titanium that was used in commercial air.

So a very significant supplier. Well, when that happened, we were one of the key folks in the industry that helped to fill that void. Now keep in mind, there’s the build rates that existed historically, call it ’eighteen and ’nineteen, at that point, there was already concern in terms of the volumes in the industry to meet demand. And then, you think about the ramp that I think is generally universally expected around airplane builds. And what it screams is demand for titanium is going to be higher.

So you look at what happened in 2022, we were part of the solution for our customers when it came to titanium, replacing the VSMMPO share in part, but also putting them in the position where they were ready for the ramp for the plane builds. And we signed up quite a number of LTAs. We took share not just from the VSMPO vacuum, we took other share as well, Very happy with the share that we got. So as you think about VSMPO coming off the sidelines, they’re no doubt going to pick up some of their prior share, but we feel very good about the share that we have under LTAs. So that’s number one.

We also feel very good about the position that we’re in to help meet the customer’s needs around the ramping build rates. And so generally, that’s how we would answer. Now there are some unanswered questions, and I can’t help answer them because they’re we don’t have the answer. And that is, what will customers ultimately do? We do have some theories.

So first, you look at Airbus. Airbus is one of those folks that we added LTAs with, and we have significantly increased our book of business with Airbus. Our suspicion is that Airbus, who was certainly a bit single threaded before 2022 when it came to their titanium sourcing, is probably very comfortable with not being single threaded, fair to say. And so and our relationship with Airbus has prospered. The LTAs that we have are a very clear indication of that, and I don’t expect that we’ll be giving back any share when it comes to that book of business.

Same thing with Boeing, we’ve had a long term relationship with Boeing, and we expect that that’s going to continue. And so we feel very comfortable with our position in terms of the airframers in that regard.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Okay. Is there any place that seems a little bit more vulnerable?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: None that come to mind. Okay. You know, you you none that come to mind.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. And those those agreements take you out are those, those agreements take you out how far into the into the decade?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: They’re typically multi year arrangements and they have varied maturity dates. But at this point, I would say the renewals, the cadence of renewals has indicated that we’re in pretty good shape in terms of being able to sign up extensions.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Yes.

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: And we’ve been pretty successful in expanding share.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Another geopolitical topic that seems relevant for everything these days is tariffs. Yes. And so I’m sure you’ve probably, like all of us, have spent more time than you would like learning about tariffs over the past few weeks and months. But maybe if you can share with us what how you see the impact of tariffs on ATI, both what we know so far and then potential?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Sure. So tariffs, the headline of the day or the minute, I don’t know what it is. But, yeah, we’re we, of course, just like every business, have unpacked our tariff exposures. It’s not an area that we’ve been waiting to work on. Our legal team has been really proactive for years in making sure that our contracts have pass through mechanisms that are built into them so that if a tariff does hit, we’re able to push that through.

And so we’ve significantly derisked our position on in that case, titanium contracts would be a great example. Titanium pass throughs are material pass through on titanium contracts are not, I would say, an industry standard, but the majority of our contracts, more than 70% of them have an ability to pass this through. Same thing though with nickel. And with nickel, we have surcharge mechanisms that are kind of industry standard, and we also have some contractual mechanisms that safeguard us further. In addition to all that, what I would say is we’ve been very good at diversifying our supply stream.

And so, I’ll give you an example. Back in 2022, when the invasion of Ukraine happened, at that moment, we were buying 95% of our nickel from, from Russia. And, that was a nonrotative nickel. We were buying from from Russia. And, within months, we were able to largely take that to zero.

We were able to diversify to multiple suppliers, and we were able to do it at a lower price. So I’m very confident that we can, we have derisked and that we can continue to derisk. So here’s the punchline. I don’t expect a material effect from tariffs on my business. Right.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Okay. Okay. Excellent. Maybe let’s just take a quick pause here. I’ll look out to the audience and see if anybody wants to ask a question.

But if not, we’ll keep going. We’ve got one right here.

Unidentified speaker: Thank you. How much visibility in your Jet Engines business do you have on where the parts go OE versus AM? And are you able to give us a bit of color on how to think about that?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Yes. So you said the second part is it’s OEM versus MRO, is that right? Yes. Okay. Sorry, couldn’t hear you.

The long and the short of it is long and the short of it is nothing formal. And the reason for that is the replacement forgings that we produce, those discs, they’re identical, whether they go into a new build or whether they go into an MRO application. And so what we do have is anecdotal information, statements that are made by our customers as to what their rates are, MRO uses, MRO uses versus new build uses. But it’s just a statement in a conversation. But those statements are pretty consistent.

And if we had talked three, four years ago, I would have said 25% of our of our jet engine sales are tied to MRO, 20% to 25%. Now it’s clear clear indications are really 50%. And then I think I mentioned this earlier, another clear indication is that growth rate on MRO is not expected to trim in the view of our MROs or excuse me, in the view of our customers. They’re expecting for the new for the current generation, they’re expecting really strong growth, strong MRO business going forward. And I think the facts would support that.

It makes a lot of sense.

Unidentified speaker: Very helpful. And can I have one more if that’s all right? Is there anything you can do to protect your pricing if when the SMPO do come back into the titanium market?

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: Sure. So if you think about this, we have so we have two segments. We have our High Performance segment and we have our Advanced Alloys segment. So the segment that you’re really talking about here, the jet engine, part of it, for example, is HPMC, and that’s the high performance. And to the degree we have aero business on the Advanced Alloy segment, we have about 40% LTAs on that side.

So those LTAs are typically long term in nature. They we have some of those in aerospace and defense contracts that are as long as fifteen years. Average is probably closer to five years. I do not expect that we would see headwinds in terms of pricing, certainly at any point in the near term. And the demand for whether it be titanium or nickel, I think there’s a pretty strong consensus that demand is going to remain quite high.

There has been additional capacity put in when it comes to titanium. I don’t believe that the industry is overcapacitized, which should mean in combination with the strong demand, good pricing, favorable pricing for some years. That help? Okay.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: Excellent. Maybe I’ll ask another one. You mentioned the two segments in the business. So the HPMC, the high performance business is I think one where investors expect a fair amount of margin expansion and see opportunity. And given some of the challenges that emerged during 2024, we saw that margin kind of stay in the low 20 ish percent range.

Where does that trajectory move from here? So

Don Newman, CFO, ATI: for context, that HPMC segment, again, heavily focused on aerospace and defense. About 80% of that segment is pointed toward those end markets. Very differentiated capabilities around forgings as well as in nickel melting and also titanium melting. So very, very good business with good prospects. And we expect the margins for that business, even by the end of twenty twenty five, should be north of 23%.

And we’re expecting them to march toward mid-20s in our 2027 guidance. So how are we going to get there is a fair question. Well, number one, we do expect improving mix as the demand for jet engine and some airframing business that we have in that segment. As that continues to grow, that’s going to give us a favorable mix. We’re also expecting to get benefit from absorption as we increase our volumes.

And price is one of the source of one of those one of the sources of that margin expansion. So I think there’s a lot of opportunity there. In addition to that, what I would call an upside to the numbers that we have shared, we’ve looked at our business. This is a transformation, And we have transformed the business away from commodity products such as standard stainless sheet. We walked away from a $500,000,000 of revenue that’s related to that activity.

And we focus this business on the end markets and capabilities that we think are going to generate the greatest value for our shareholders. Aerospace and defense are important categories as are electronics, specialty, energy and medical. Okay? We believe that we are going to experience some significant margin expansion that comes with it. But as a transformation, we also see where there’s operational opportunities in our business that we have to unlock and and none of them are easy, but it’s things like yield.

It’s things like debottlenecking, like I talked about, modest investment so that you can produce more overall. And we think we have very good line of sight as to how to do it. Part of it is the as you go back and you look at the changes in our workforce, we’ve added a lot of people since COVID. No surprise, we do not make widgets. We do not make easy to make things.

If we did, we wouldn’t be differentiated. So it takes time to learn how to be excellent at making them. We’ve hired a significant number of new folks. I think the penalty for having new folks has lasted longer and is a bit deeper than certainly I expected or I penciled out in my estimates. The good news is all that’s available is an opportunity for us because we are seeing an improvement in terms of their expertise.

That means that there’s better quality that’s being produced. That means that there’s better yield. That means that there is less downtime because they don’t break machines as or cause outages as much as a new person might. So there’s a lot of opportunity that we see from an operational standpoint that we have to go after. The second benefit that comes from that is, if you’re able to successfully do these things I described, it also has an indirect effect of improving your working capital because your inventories drop, your ARs become more timely because you’re billing more timely.

So I see that as another source of margin opportunity. Again, not a lot built into our future targets related to it, but I think it’s meaningful.

Seth Sifman, Aerospace Defense Analyst, JPMorgan: That was perfect actually because productivity and working capital were two items on my list. But we’re already I would love to take another question, but we’re already two minutes over, I’m afraid. So we’ll have to cut it off there. But Don, Dave, thanks so much for being here. We really appreciate it.

Thank you.

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