Earnings call transcript: Moderna Q2 2025 beats forecasts, stock dips

Moderna Inc. reported better-than-expected earnings for the second quarter of 2025, with a notable beat on both earnings per share (EPS) and revenue forecasts. According to InvestingPro data, the company is quickly burning through cash with weak gross profit margins of -82.37%. Moderna’s actual EPS was -2.13, surpassing the forecasted -2.98, while revenue reached 142 million dollars against a forecast of 114.4 million dollars. The stock declined by 6.46% in premarket trading, continuing a broader downward trend that has seen shares fall nearly 29% year-to-date.

Key Takeaways

• Moderna’s Q2 EPS and revenue exceeded forecasts.
• The stock price dropped 6.46% in premarket trading.
• FDA approvals for key vaccines highlight innovation.
• Significant cost reductions achieved year-over-year.
• Competitive pressures in the COVID vaccine market persist.

Company Performance

Moderna’s overall performance in the second quarter of 2025 was marked by substantial revenue growth and cost reductions. The company achieved a 35% reduction in cost of sales, research and development (R&D), and selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses compared to 2024. Additionally, cash operating expenses were reduced by 40% year-over-year. These improvements come amid a challenging landscape in the U.S. COVID vaccine market, characterized by competitive pressures and a slight decline in the spring booster campaign.

Financial Highlights

• Revenue: 142 million dollars, exceeding the forecast of 114.4 million dollars.
• Earnings per share: -2.13, better than the expected -2.98.
• Net loss: 800 million dollars.
• Cash and investments: 7.5 billion dollars.

Earnings vs. Forecast

Moderna’s Q2 2025 EPS of -2.13 was a significant improvement over the forecasted -2.98, representing a surprise of 28.52%. The revenue of 142 million dollars also surpassed expectations by 24.13%. This positive surprise contrasts with previous quarters, where earnings often fell short of forecasts, highlighting a potential shift in the company’s financial trajectory.

Market Reaction

Despite the earnings beat, Moderna’s stock fell by 6.46% in premarket trading, closing at 27.65 dollars. With a beta of 1.85 according to InvestingPro, the stock shows significantly higher volatility than the broader market. This volatility is evident in the stock’s 52-week range between 91.99 dollars and 23.15 dollars, with shares down over 68% in the past year. The market’s negative reaction may reflect concerns over future guidance and competitive pressures. Based on InvestingPro’s Fair Value analysis, the stock currently appears undervalued. Check out our Most Undervalued Stocks list for more opportunities.

Outlook & Guidance

For the remainder of 2025, Moderna projects revenues between 1.5 billion and 2.2 billion dollars, though InvestingPro analysts anticipate a sales decline in the current year. The company is anticipating up to 10 product approvals through 2028, with potential data for its CMV vaccine expected in fall 2025. Efforts to advance the oncology pipeline and explore partnerships for assets like the EBV vaccine are ongoing. For detailed analysis of Moderna’s pipeline and growth prospects, access the comprehensive Pro Research Report, available exclusively to InvestingPro subscribers.

Executive Commentary

CEO Stephane Bancel emphasized the company’s focus on operational efficiency, stating, "We remain confident in our ability to further streamline our operation structure." He also highlighted the strategic importance of partnerships, saying, "We are actively talking to potential pharmaceutical partners."

Risks and Challenges

• Competitive pressures in the COVID vaccine market could impact revenue.
• Macroeconomic conditions may affect consumer demand and pricing power.
• Regulatory challenges in securing approvals for new products.
• Supply chain disruptions could hinder production and distribution.
• Market saturation in key therapeutic areas.

Q&A

During the earnings call, analysts inquired about Moderna’s strategy for the CMV vaccine, particularly regarding secondary endpoints. Questions also focused on the development of the individualized neoantigen therapy and the potential submission strategy for the flu and COVID combination vaccine. Executives addressed cost reduction and business development strategies, underscoring the company’s commitment to long-term growth.

Full transcript - Moderna Inc (MRNA) Q2 2025:

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Good day, and thank

Conference Operator: you for standing by. Welcome to Moderna’s second quarter twenty twenty five conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen only mode. After the speakers’ presentation, there’ll be a question and answer session. Ask a question during the session, you’ll need to press 11 on your telephone.

You will then hear an automated message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, please press 11 again. Please be advised today’s conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Lavina Talukdar, head of IR. Please go ahead.

Lavina Talukdar, Head of Investor Relations, Moderna: Thank you, Kevin. Good morning, and good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining today’s call to discuss Moderna’s second quarter twenty twenty five financial results and business update. You can access the press release issued this morning as well as the slides that we’ll be reviewing by going to the investors section of our website. On today’s call are Stephane Bancel, our chief executive officer, Steven Hogue, our president, and Jamie Mock, our Chief Financial Officer.

Before we begin, note that this conference call will include forward looking statements made pursuant to the Safe Harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Please see slide two of the accompanying presentation and our SEC filings for important risk factors that could cause our actual performance and results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward looking statements. With that, I’ll now turn it over to Stephane.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Thank you, Lavina. Good morning or good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. I will start with a quick review of Q2. Jaime will present our financial results and outlook.

Steven will review our clinical programs, and then I will come back and share key priorities and catalysts before we take your questions. Let me start with a review of our financials. In the second quarter, our revenues of $100,000,000 and a loss of $800,000,000 were in line with our expectations, and they reflect the highly seasonal nature of our respiratory vaccine business. We ended the quarter with $7,500,000,000 in cash and investments. We remain highly focused on financial discipline.

I am very pleased to announce that continued cost reduction efforts across the company in the 2025 led to a 35% reduction of cost of sales, R and D and SG and A combined, compared to the 2024. As you know, we are very focused on cash costs, and I’m happy to report that on a cash cost basis, we reduced operating expenses by $581,000,000 in Q2 twenty twenty five versus Q2 twenty twenty four, which is a 40% reduction year over year. During the quarter, we made solid progress across our three strategic priorities. Priority one, driving use of our commercial products. We made strong progress in securing three approvals from the US FDA.

On May 31, we were very pleased to announce the FDA approval of M NexPike, our next generation COVID vaccine that has shown even higher efficacy than our powering SpikeVac vaccine. In mid June, we received FDA approval of our Ameresvia vaccine for high risk individuals aged 18 to 59. As a reminder, we also approved for adults 60 and older in The US, and in 38 other countries. And in July, the FDA granted full approval of our Spivax COVID vaccine for high risk children aged six months through 11. This vaccine has previously been used under EUA.

This approval supports our broader goal of driving use of our commercial products and driving the company back into sales growth. On our second priority, advancing our pipeline to drive sales growth. We are very happy to announce positive and strong Phase III efficacy data for flu, which we believe will advance both our flu program and our Flu plus COVID combination program. Stephen will discuss these results shortly. And our third priority, executing with financial discipline.

The second quarter twenty twenty five marked the fourth consecutive quarter we will reduce combined R and D and SG and A expenses by double digits year over year. Additionally, in the second quarter, we expanded our cost reduction plan well beyond what we announced in the first quarter. We estimate that these measures will take an additional $400,000,000 out of 2025 cost structure we previously laid out. This cost reduction includes a very difficult decision that we announced yesterday to reduce headcount by around 10% to better align Moderna’s cost structure and capabilities with current business conditions, while also sustaining investments in our mRNA pipeline. This decision was obviously not made likely.

It impacts people who have dedicated themselves to our mission, teammates and friends who have built Moderna. I want to express, on behalf of the entire executive committee, our deepest thanks to all of those affected for what they have contributed to the company. These colleagues will always be part of the Moderna story. Finally, before I hand to Jamie, you may have seen that in the last couple of hours, the UK Court of Appeal issued its decision. The court has decided to uphold the High Court’s finding that Moderna’s EP949 patent is valid and infringed by Pfizer and BioNTech.

Moderna will continue to pursue and enforce its patent rights globally to protect its innovative mRNA technology. Jamie?

Jamie Mock, Chief Financial Officer, Moderna: Thanks Stephane, and hello everyone. Today I’ll cover our second quarter financial results, our updated 2025 full year outlook, and share our strategy to achieve our 2027 operating cost targets. Let’s begin with our second quarter financial results on slide seven. Net product sales were $114,000,000 primarily driven by COVID vaccine sales. The US accounted for approximately 80% of sales this quarter, with the remainder from international markets.

While product sales declined 38% compared to the 2024, sales were slightly above our expectations due to a stronger than expected US spring booster season. We also recorded $28,000,000 in other revenue, bringing total revenue to the quarter to $142,000,000 The year over year decline in other revenue was primarily driven by a $30,000,000 upfront licensing payment that was recognized in the second quarter of last year. Cost of sales for the quarter was $119,000,000 which was relatively flat compared to $115,000,000 last year. It represented 105% of net product sales this quarter, up from 62% in the prior year, driven primarily by lower volume. R and D expenses were $700,000,000 in the second quarter, down 43% from last year.

The decline was primarily driven by the wind down of our respiratory trials and lower clinical manufacturing costs. We also had year over year reductions in preclinical and external service costs, reflecting ongoing portfolio prioritization and productivity efforts. Last year’s results also included an expense for a priority review voucher. SG and A expenses were $230,000,000 for the quarter, down 14% year over year. The decrease reflects broad based cost reductions across external services, personnel and commercial activities as we continue to streamline operations and manage expenses with discipline.

Our income tax provision for the quarter was immaterial, consistent with the prior year. We continue to maintain a global valuation allowance against the majority of our deferred tax assets, which limits our ability to recognize tax benefits for the quarter. Net loss for the quarter was $825,000,000 a $454,000,000 improvement compared to a $1,300,000,000 loss in the 2024. Loss per share was $2.13 an improvement from a loss of $3.33 in 2024. We ended Q2 with cash and investments of $7,500,000,000 down from $8,400,000,000 at the end of Q1.

The decrease was primarily driven by the operating loss for the quarter. Moving to slide eight, I will share our updated 2025 financial framework. For total revenue, we are updating our 2025 projected revenue range to 1,500,000,000.0 to $2,200,000,000 reflecting a $300,000,000 reduction at the high end. This change is primarily due to a timing shift of UK COVID shipments from the 2025 into the 2026. The timing shift for The UK shipments is due to the government’s use of their fiscal year minimum purchase product purchase for the spring campaign in 2026.

So our deliveries will now deliver in 1Q twenty twenty six. This represents the vast majority of the $300,000,000 impact. Importantly, the timing shift does not impact the total value of our long term multiyear contract with The UK Government. Our updated revenue range continues to reflect the uncertainties in vaccination rates, the competitive market environment, the size of the RSV market, and timing of licensure of our factories and product approvals in Australia and Canada. On a geographic basis, we are updating US product sales, we are expecting US product sales of $1 to $1,500,000,000 international product sales of $0.4 to $600,000,000 and other revenues of approximately $100,000,000 where the majority is international.

For US product sales of 1,000,000,000 to $1,500,000,000 the high end of the range assumes flat year over year performance after adjusting for last year’s $200,000,000 prior period return reserve reversal. The low end of the range factors the potential combined impacts from lower vaccination rates and competitive market pressures. For international product sales of 0.4 to $600,000,000, the low end of the range is mainly from secured contracts, while the high end factors in incremental revenue from active tenders. The net range now also reflects the shift in shipments for The UK from the 2025 to the 2026. For other revenues of $100,000,000 we’ve already recognized $50,000,000 in the first half of the year and expect a similar amount in the second half.

The majority of the revenue is associated with our new manufacturing sites, but also includes some grant, collaboration, licensing and royalty revenue. The split of our 3Q and 4Q revenue mix will be dependent on timing of regulatory approvals across the world and the number of days available to ship in the third quarter. We expect a revenue split of 40% to 50% in Q3 with the balance in Q4. Our cost of sales estimate of $1,200,000,000 remains unchanged and reflects year over year improvements in manufacturing efficiency, offset by increased costs associated with the go live of our new international manufacturing sites. Newly introduced tariffs are not expected to have a material impact on our cost of sales.

We continue to monitor changes to global tariffs. We are lowering our R and D expense forecast from $4,100,000,000 to a range of 3,600,000,000.0 to $3,800,000,000 due to phase three trial wind downs, continued portfolio prioritization, and productivity. Our revised R and D guidance projects an increase in the second half versus the first half, driven by the seasonality of vaccine spend, as well as studies in support of regulatory approvals. SG and A expenses are still expected to be $1,100,000,000 Similar to last year, we expect higher SG and A expenses in the second half of the year, primarily due to commercial related activity, but also due to severance charges associated with the workforce reduction we announced yesterday. We expect taxes to be negligible in 2025.

Our capital expenditures projection has been lowered from $400,000,000 down to $300,000,000 due to our continued prioritization and efficiency gains. We still expect to end 2025 with approximately $6,000,000,000 in cash and investments. Moving to slide nine. As discussed on last quarter’s call, we are planning a total reduction in annual GAAP operating expenses of over $6,000,000,000 from $11,000,000,000 in 2023 to $5,000,000,000 or less in 2027. On a cash cost basis, which excludes stock based compensation, depreciation and amortization, we are decreasing annual operating expenses from $8,900,000,000 in 2023 to our midpoint target of $4,200,000,000 in 2027, which is a reduction of over 50%.

Our revised 2025 GAAP operating expense range is now $5,900,000,000 to $6,100,000,000 a $400,000,000 reduction at the midpoint from our previous guidance of $6,400,000,000 This updated guidance puts us on track to achieve the first $5,000,000,000 of our overall $6,000,000,000 reduction in annual GAAP expenses in two years. Our updated 2025 guidance includes $900,000,000 of non cash expenses from stock based compensation, depreciation and amortization. Excluding those non cash items, we now project a 2025 cash cost of approximately $5,100,000,000 at the midpoint of the range, a $400,000,000 reduction from our previous cash cost estimate of $5,500,000,000 The strong progress in cost reductions to date has been a company wide effort. While we continue to drive additional cost reductions in all areas, the largest source of future reductions will come from R and D, which represents over 60% of our cost base. On the next slide, I want to share our strategy to achieve our 2027 operating expense targets in more detail.

On slide 10, can see our GAAP and cash cost targets for 2025 versus 2027. At the midpoint of our ranges, we are targeting a $1,100,000,000 GAAP cost reduction from $6,000,000,000 in ’25 to $4,900,000,000 in ’27, and a $900,000,000 cash cost reduction from $5,100,000,000 in ’25 to $4,200,000,000 in ’27. There are four primary drivers to achieve this goal, which are all relatively evenly split in impact. First, a reduction in R and D expenses from the completion of our large phase three trials. We are already seeing the impact of the completion of most of our respiratory trials in 2025, and we’ll start to see future cost savings by 2027 from the completion of our phase three trials for CMV and norovirus.

This includes both direct trial costs, as well as reductions in clinical manufacturing and other related overhead. These cost reductions will be partially offset by select investments in the pipeline, such as our oncology portfolio. Second, we will continue to drive manufacturing efficiencies, which will impact both cost of sales and R and D. We’ve already made strong progress over the past few years to optimize our manufacturing footprint from endemic level demand of our COVID vaccine. We expect to drive additional savings through process improvements, as well as reductions in future inventory write downs.

For example, in 2024, we had a half a billion dollars of inventory write downs, which we are actively driving to reduce in 2025 and beyond. Third, we continue to drive procurement savings. Some of the savings from the renegotiated contracts already taken place will not be fully realized until 2026. Additionally, we have a strong pipeline of new savings initiatives. Fourth, we announced a workforce restructuring yesterday that impacts approximately 10% of our employees and will lower our employee base to under 5,000 by the end of the year versus 5,800 at the beginning of the year.

Headcount reductions are always difficult decisions as they impact valued colleagues who have contributed meaningfully to our mission. However, these actions are necessary to reshape our capabilities and align to our long term operating cost structure. In summary, in just two years, the team has made tremendous progress towards our four year, roughly $5,000,000,000 cash cost reduction plan. By the 2025, we have taken nearly $4,000,000,000 of costs out of the business and have an achievable plan to remove another $1,000,000,000 over the next two years. We remain committed to breaking even on a cash cost basis in 2028 and will adjust spending as necessary.

With that, I will now turn the call over to Steven.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Thank you, Jamie, and good morning or good afternoon, everyone. Today I’ll review progress across our pipeline. Slide 12 is a review of our prioritized pipeline. As Stephane stated earlier, we have announced significant updates for many of these programs, including the recent approval for M. Next spike, an expanded label for M.

Resvia, and approval of our pediatric SpikeVax COVID vaccine, which was previously available in The United States under an emergency use authorization. In the quarter, we also reported strong vaccine efficacy results from our phase three seasonal flu trial, and we continue to make progress in the rest of the prioritized portfolio, where we are targeting a total of eight additional potential filings through 2028. Moving to slide 13, which outlines the latest developments of our late stage respiratory portfolio. I’ll start with our COVID vaccines, SpikeVax and mNexSpike. As mentioned earlier, we are very pleased with the FDA’s approval of mNexSpike, our next generation COVID vaccine, which has shown strong relative vaccine efficacy compared to SpikeVax in its phase three trial, including in the 65 and older age subgroup and in those with risk factors for severe COVID-nineteen.

MNEXT spike was approved in The US for individuals 65 and older and for people twelve to sixty four with at least one risk factor. An extensive analysis of the phase three clinical data for MNEXT spike was published last month in The Lancet, and the link to the publication can be found on this slide. We submitted the annual updates for our COVID-nineteen vaccines for the currently recommended LP. 8.1 strain in the quarter and expect MNEXT Spike and SpikeVax will be available this fall in The United States. Speaking of SpikeVax, the vaccine was recently approved by the FDA for high risk children ages six months to 11 years.

SpikeVax had previously been available to this age group in The US only under an emergency use authorization. Earlier this week, SpikeVax also received EMA approval for the current season update LP. 8.1 strain update for the coming season. For RSV, our mResvia vaccine was approved by the FDA on June 12 for individuals ages 18 to 59 with at least one risk factor. The CDC subsequently adopted the ACIP recommendation for the fifty to fifty nine year old age cohort in this group, which means that recommendations for our vaccine are now consistent with competitors.

For our seasonal flu vaccine, we announced positive results from our phase three efficacy study, and we are very pleased with the results which I’ll talk through on the next slide. We expect these flu results will also support our discussions with regulators about our flu plus COVID combination vaccine, and we have begun consultations with regulators on the submission requirements for both vaccines. On slide 14, I will discuss the very encouraging P304 flu vaccine efficacy data released during the quarter. In this 40,000 person study conducted across 11 countries, our seasonal flu vaccine, mRNA-ten ten, demonstrated relative vaccine efficacy that was twenty six point six percent higher than the licensed standard dose comparator in adults age 50 and above. Safety and tolerability of mRNA-ten ten were consistent with previously reported phase three results, and the majority of solicited adverse reactions were mild.

Importantly, strong relative vaccine efficacy was observed for all three influenza strains contained in the vaccine, including H1N1, H3N2, and the B. Victoria strain. Likewise, the relative vaccine efficacy was consistently strong across age groups, risk factors, and previous vaccination status. In the important 65 and older demographic, relative vaccine efficacy was a strong twenty seven point four percent. We look forward to presenting these data at an upcoming medical conference, and we are preparing to file for FDA approval for this vaccine.

Now turning to our non respiratory vaccine and rare disease portfolios. In our phase three CMV efficacy study for mRNA-sixteen forty seven, we have now accrued sufficient primary endpoint cases for the final analysis. The analysis has not yet been conducted, and the company remains fully blinded at this time. We have submitted an amendment to the analysis plan to add important powered secondary endpoints that we hope will increase the scientific value of the results. Once the updated analysis plan is formalized, we will proceed with the analysis of primary and secondary endpoints, which we expect to complete in the fall.

Our phase III norovirus study is now accruing cases in its first season. As with other studies, the interim analysis of efficacy is dependent on case accrual. And depending upon the rate of case accrual, this study has been designed so that it may proceed to a second season of enrollment if necessary. In rare diseases, our propionic acidemia or PA program is currently in a registrational study, and we believe we are on track for a potential 2027 approval. For methylmalonic acidemia or MMA, we plan to initiate the registrational trial this year.

We continue to advance our oncology portfolio with significant progress across our individualized neoantigen therapy known as entismarin, mRNA-four thousand three and fifty nine, previously called Checkpoint, and our early stage oncology pipeline. In collaboration with Merck, we have several late stage studies underway for entismarin. As a reminder, the phase three trial in adjuvant melanoma is fully enrolled and accruing cases towards its interim analysis. Our phase II adjuvant renal cell carcinoma trial is fully enrolled as well. And as we have disclosed previously, we have two phase III studies in non small cell lung cancer, one phase II study in high risk muscle invasive bladder cancer, and one phase II study in high risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer.

We have also expanded our intismaran program into a phase II study in first line metastatic melanoma. This could be the first of many studies using intismarin and KEYTRUDA together in metastatic indications. Following on from intismarin, mRNA-four thousand three hundred and fifty nine is now in a phase two study in first line metastatic melanoma and first line metastatic non small cell lung cancer. And we are currently enrolling patients in the lung cancer portion of that study. We are pleased that the data from the phase 1b study of mRNA-four thousand three and fifty nine plus Keytruda in checkpoint inhibitor refractory PD L1 positive patients was accepted as a mini oral presentation at ESMO.

We look forward to presenting these findings at the meeting in October. In early stage oncology, we are also dosing patients in our phase one tumor targeted antigen therapy, mRNA-four thousand one hundred six. And the INDs for our cell therapy enhancing antigen therapy, mRNA-four thousand two hundred three, and our T cell engager, mRNA-two thousand 808, are also now both open. We are pleased by our growing oncology pipeline and the continued strong momentum of the large entismarin clinical trial program in partnership with Merck. With that, I’ll hand over to Stephane.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Thank you, Stephen and Jamie. As you know, we have three priorities: Priority one: drive sales of approved products Priority two: focus on a less stage pipeline, where we can drive product growth for approvals and Priority three: delivering on our cost efficiency across the company. Our first priority is to drive use of M and X Spike, Spikevax and M Resvia vaccines. We entered the 2025 with pre approved products in The US, and we are seeing a growing number of approvals in countries worldwide. For priority two, we are focused on delivering up to 10 products approvals, which we believe will drive sales growth for the company.

Together, these 10 anticipated products target an addressable market that is over $30,000,000,000 In Q2, we secured US approvals for Amnexpike and Amazia for high risk people, and we show exciting data in flu, enabling flu and flu COVID combo. On the cost side of the house, we demonstrated our commitment to cost discipline for the reduction achieved last year in 2024, and also in 2025 to date. We remain confident in our ability to further streamline our operation structure for the remaining ’25 to 2027. Jamie just took you through our plans to cut an additional $400,000,000 of our 2025 cost structure. And we are not done.

We have many new projects in the works to reduce costs further. These cost reduction activities we have in place gives us even greater confidence in our plan to reduce our cash costs to $4,200,000,000 in 2027. These actions are very important to help us achieve our cash breakeven target in 2028. As we make this cost improvements, we are seeing continued use of AI across Moderna. We rolled out GPT Enterprise in 2024 and established widespread GPT literacy across the entire organization.

Today, 100% of our knowledge workers are active daily users of ChatGPT. As you can see on slide 22, GPT use has grown very fast at the company. And in 2025, we enhanced our AI tools to allow for deep research capabilities, allowing for the creation of comprehensive report, without compromise quality of output. An example of a deep research application is the creation of target product profiles. This AI based activity greatly reduces the amount of time it takes on product planners to create marketing strategies.

We are excited about how AI has already improved our business. And given the doubling of AI capabilities every six to seven months, we are working hard to continue to reinvent our company across each business process, department and team. We are excited about the coming months and quarters, as we have a lot of important catalysts. First, of course, the potential approvals of seasonal flu, and the flu plus COVID combo programs based on the data Steven shared with you. We’re so eager to get the CMV Phase III efficacy data later this year.

NeuroValus Phase III readout is of course subject to case accruals. In oncology, we look forward to the readout of our ongoing Intismaran Phase II five year durability data in adjuvant melanoma. And of course, we look forward to a Phase three adjuvant melanoma trial readout for intismaran. As Stephen said in oncology, we are looking forward to sharing the checkpoint Phase 1b data at Desmond in Berlin in October. And as of later date, we look forward to sharing the Phase two data of this program.

PA is already in registration study, and MMA will be very soon. I’m pleased with the progress we have made on all three of our priorities over the course of the first six months of the year. We now have three products approved by the US FDA. We are highly encouraged by the progress in the pipeline, and very pleased by the flow. And on financial discipline, we have accelerated our plan for cost efficiency and expect to deliver an additional $400,000,000 of cost savings this year.

I want to thank the team for all the great work that was done this quarter. We are very focused on executing those priorities going forward. This work allows to be focused on our mission: to deliver the greatest possible impact to people for mRNA medicine. With this operator, we’ll be happy to take questions.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Thank

Conference Operator: Our first question comes from Salveen Richter with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Salveen Richter, Analyst, Goldman Sachs: Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. I was wondering if you could put the changes to CMV in context for us and just help us understand the rationale behind the addition of these secondary endpoints. And then secondly, as we look to the individualized neoantigen therapy, and I know we’re going to see some data at ESMO, could you help us understand the cadence of data reads over maybe the next twelve months or so as we look to some of the other programs to mature? Thank you.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Thank you, Salveen. So first on CMV secondary endpoints, obviously we’re pleased to now have sufficient primary endpoint cases, which as you know were based on primary prevention of infection on immunogenicity endpoints, so antibodies against antigens not in the vaccine. But there’s a lot of other data that will help inform the potential value of a CMV vaccine, including looking at things like the presence of virus in bodily fluids and or other markers or measures of infection that could be quite relevant for the use of the CMV vaccine across a wider range of populations, including even in the congenital CMV space. Given that this is now the final analysis, and as we’ve accrued a large number of cases and a lot of data, including, again, some of those secondary potential endpoints, we wanted to make sure that we reflected those in the final analysis plan, as we hope that we will see a positive primary endpoint and also get the benefit of some of those secondary powered endpoints in the totality of data that would come out of the study. I’ll just remind you again that the best approach for doing this is while we are completely blinded.

So the company does not know the results on the primary or any of the secondary. We are just making sure to protect the integrity of the study, that we update the statistical analysis plan and receive approvals for it prior to initiating that analysis with an unblinded team, at which point we would then become unblinded the results after the DSMB. And so this is just making sure we’re protecting the integrity of the study, and we think it’s a prudent decision to take a little bit of time here to update all those documents prior to conducting the analysis. Really look forward to that result in the fall. As it relates to the cadence of results on intismarin, you know, we’re fully enrolled in the phase three, as we noted, for the confirmatory study in melanoma.

We are accruing events. We continue to hope that we will be able to have a successful interim analysis for efficacy on that study on the timelines we previously mentioned. We have a number of other studies that are randomized. Actually, all of the phase three and phase two studies are randomized controlled studies. And several of those could read out similarly in the near term, including, you know, the studies in bladder cancer and particularly those that are largely enrolled, as well as renal cell carcinoma.

So those are event driven. And so as is always the case for event driven studies, it’s hard for us to predict exactly when we’ll have sufficient data to conduct those interim analyses. But I do believe that in the coming year or two, there will be a consistent cadence of results from these randomized studies that will come out, hopefully first with a successful phase three adjuvant melanoma study, but really soon thereafter with some of these Phase IIs and then moving into the lung cancer space.

Conference Operator: Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Elena Merle with UBS. Your line is open.

Elena Merle, Analyst, UBS: Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the question. Can you discuss how we should think about pricing for the COVID vaccine in The U. S. This year and what your expectations are for net price, or I guess how pricing this year would compare versus last year?

And any takeaways from your contracting discussions so far? Thanks.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Sure.

Jamie Mock, Chief Financial Officer, Moderna: Thanks, Kelly. Yes. What I’d say is in The U. S. We’ve given a range of $1 to $1,500,000,000 and as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, we put in variability for competitive pressures, which gets into contracting and pricing, to your point, to your question, as well as vaccination rates.

You know, first time vaccination rates, if you look at the first half, as I mentioned, when we look at the spring booster, it was down roughly 10 or 11%, so that makes us feel good. It’s a smaller sample size, but as we go into the second half, it’s the only barometer we have heading into the second half. As it pertains to pricing and contracting, contracting is basically complete now, so we will look to the second half, and pricing is also complete in there. We’re also looking at MNEXT spike in there as well. I would say just right now, all those factors are within the range, and we have confidence within that range.

So I don’t really want to be specific on pricing or our share at this point, but it’s factored into our range, and we feel confident in it.

Elena Merle, Analyst, UBS: Understood. Thanks.

Conference Operator: One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Michael Yee with Jefferies. Your line is open.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Hey, guys. Thank you. Appreciate

Michael Yee, Analyst, Jefferies: the opportunity for two questions. One is on CMV. I just wanted to follow-up for Steven and maybe just talk to expectations about what you guys think is a positive readout both on VE, but also what is a good readout on a secondary endpoint that would help payers or patients or clinicians think about the value of CMV given this novel type of vaccine for patients. And then second, obviously there has been various changes within FDA and CBER and within the ACIP. I just wanted to understand if you think that the dialogue remains very positive and how are you expecting this going forward?

Thank you.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Great. Thank you, Michael, for both. So first, on the CMV results, we powered the study, and as we’ve said, believe the product will have an impact if the vaccine efficacy at the primary endpoint is better than forty nine point one percent. That was the lower bound of acceptability threshold for the primary analysis against prevention of infection. That’s because you might say, well, forty nine percent or fifty percent is that substantial benefit.

If you think of all of the burden of disease associated with CMV over a lifetime, a fifty percent reduction in that would be a pretty profound benefit, we believe, on public health and for individuals. There is complexity in terms of the individual indications, because prevention of infection is one thing, but there’s going to be a need to demonstrate value. Some of that will be demonstrated post approval with some of the real world evidence generation studies that always happen around vaccines. But we wanted to maximize the value of secondary endpoints in this study because we have such a rich study of information. And those include looking at things that you might think of as the persistence of virus in the blood or in the urine, the shedding, and whether or not you were able to control that latent infection.

I’ll remind you that in their EBV vaccine phase one study, which we’d shared previously a year ago, we were able to show quite strong impacts on the rates of virus, the presence of virus over time in patients that were EBV positive who’d received our EBV vaccine. Different program, which shows a level of control that we were excited to see in that program. If we saw something similar here in CMV, we think that would speak to the potential benefit about the risk of congenital transmission from, let’s say, a pregnant mother who’s becoming infected to her unborn child, as well as other potential benefits related to the chronic issues, health issues that can come from CMV. Obviously, for those, we don’t have a prespecified hypothesis and a primary endpoint, but we would love to see efficacy as good or better than what we’re seeing in the primary of forty nine percent. So forty nine percent feels good for us.

That’s where we designed the study, and we are looking forward to it. Obviously, we hope to do better than that, but we will ultimately look to the totality of the data to understand the value of the product, and given the burden of CMV in health systems and for individuals, we’re quite hopeful that we’ll be able to demonstrate that value quite quickly, including out of this phase three study with the new secondary endpoints. As it relates to the CBER changes and some of the ACIP changes, I’ll just say that we continue to work closely with our review teams across all of our products. We are very grateful for the three approvals that happened in the last quarter. I will note that they happened on time, and that was through the, obviously, the incredibly diligent work of the folks at FDA to conduct those reviews in a rigorous way, and we continue to feel that those productive dialogues are going on now even on our existing files for the seasonal update.

We will always make sure that we provide prompt and fully transparent answers to the agency and work closely with them so that they can conduct that work, and we’re incredibly grateful for that. As well as CDC and ACIP, we get questions that they need information on so that they can guide public health. We’ll make sure that we provide that information. And we look forward to working with both CDC, ACIP, and FDA and CBER to continue to advance our pipeline and our mission.

Michael Yee, Analyst, Jefferies: Thank you.

Conference Operator: One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Tyler Van Buren with TD Cowen. Your line is open.

Tyler Van Buren/Greg, Analyst, TD Cowen: Hey. Good morning. This is Greg on for Tyler. Do you

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: have any early indications of what demand for COVID vaccines might look like this upcoming fall and winter season based on interactions with customers? Or will we need to wait to see early uptake at the end of this month or early next month? Thank you. Yeah. Look, I think, first, let’s separate the outside The US versus inside The US part of that question.

I think that that’s probably more focused on The US. But outside The US, many of our government customers are purchasing through advanced purchase agreements, and so those indications are pretty firm, and you can see that in our even in how we’re guiding forward. And so some of those are under advanced purchase agreements, others are under tenders that have been completed and published in those countries, and that feels, you know, quite stable. In The US, with customers, what I’d say is, we saw a, you know, quite, solid spring booster campaign. If you if you look from March 1 forward, the actual volumes in the spring booster campaign in The US were only slightly down from last year.

And if you actually look at the 65 population, which is the core population we think going forward, given the new labels and framework for recommendation, it was actually down only one or 2% from March 1 to the end of the quarter, June 30, which I think speaks to the realization that those at high risk of severe COVID-nineteen continue to be compliant with public health recommendations and want to protect themselves even in the spring campaign. That has been the same experience, therefore, of our customers in the retail channel and elsewhere where they have seen that evidence in the last four months, and as we look to the fall, we obviously have some uncertainty, both about what the ultimate ACIP recommendation will be as well as some of the other market uncertainties that exist, but we all want to be prepared to deliver a season that could be in line with prior seasons if the trends continue from the spring till now. So we’re going to remain cautiously optimistic. Certainly our customers are preparing to make sure they have vaccines available if their customers and patients show up, and the early signs are encouraging, but we need to be careful going into the fall.

We think we really won’t know until the end of the third quarter, until the September, as is always the case for our seasonal business, which is we’ll really get a clear picture in the first six weeks of the season as we launch.

Conference Operator: Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Jeff Meacham with Citigroup. Your line is open.

Tyler Van Buren/Greg, Analyst, TD Cowen: Hi. Good morning, guys. This is Jarvi on for Jeff. Two real quick questions. You mentioned additional cost cutting area that you could target.

You noted that R and D is the primary driver of costs right now. How might you balance the need to bring later stage infectious products to market and also the need to shift away from seasonality factors that current products have? And then second on CMV, the secondary endpoints, the decision to add them, did they come on the back of interactions or discussions from FDA? Some color on that would be really helpful. Thank you.

Jamie Mock, Chief Financial Officer, Moderna: Sure. Yeah. Thanks, Charlie. So I think the first question was on we’re balancing our late stage pipeline. I mean, we still think we are investing quite a bit in our late stage pipeline.

So 3,600,000,000.0 to $3,800,000,000 is still significant, particularly we are very conscious of where we are from a revenue standpoint. And we’ve made this decision and really stood by it for the last two years. We laid this out in 2023 that we were going to invest in our late stage pipeline. We continue to do that. We are actively adjusting as we go, and we will continue to adjust as we go, and that’s why we’re taking our cash cost from $9,000,000,000 down to $4,000,000,000 But at the end of the day, you also mentioned seasonality.

We think we are building a diversified portfolio that is not just seasonal. We do want to complete the respiratory portfolio that will be stronger when we have all the products together and give us more ability to compete. But then when you look at CMV, our oncology pipeline, and our rare disease pipeline, those aren’t as seasonal, and so we believe that we are balancing both the need to complete the respiratory portfolio, invest in our late stage pipeline, and invest in diversification in the company. And we’ve been doing that for the last two years, and we’ll continue to do it, but we have had to adjust it down. So we did have greater ambitions, but we will continue to adjust and have adjusted, and I think that’s what we’re seeing.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Yeah, maybe just to add to Jamie’s point, we’ve also said that we will not invest in phase three studies for new latent vaccine. So as you know, EBV, HSV, other vaccines, we also say that we might be looking for partners, either project financing or pharma partners. And in ovarian disease, of course, in terms of dollars, we also say that we’re going to focus on PNMA for now. We’ll advance more programs later, but now we need to be financially disciplined. And in oncology, as you know, for intismaran, Merck is paying 50% of the cost, which is why, as Jimmy explained, we have this mechanical effect that is based on the strategy we decided to pursue to make sure that we drive back the company to profitability in 2028.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: And the question. And on the CMV question, so just a little, again, sort of overall framing on this. We remain blinded to the primary results and the secondary results that are in the study. The interim analysis that we announced much earlier in this year was only on that primary endpoint. That’s the design of those studies.

But as we did not meet the criteria for early success in that interim analysis, we then proceed to the final, and the final has much more information in it. Obviously, we leave the primary endpoint unchanged, and we’ll test against that. But if that is successful, there’s an opportunity to pass down the alpha to powered secondary endpoints, as well as there’s a final opportunity for us to say, are we getting all the information we want from the blinded analysis prior to that unblinding event? Internally at Moderna, we identified that there is we’ve actually been very successful in collecting data in the course of the study across a range of different potential endpoints. And we wanted to elevate some of those into that secondary endpoint analysis.

In order to do that while blinded, we have to then update the statistical analysis plan. We did consult with regulators as we are doing that, and we want to make sure that that is done, you know, in the utmost to a gold standard, high integrity way prior to conducting the analysis so that we can get the full benefit of that additional information that is in the study. So again, we remain blinded. This is just a diligence matter of making sure we get this updated in the right way, and then we’ll look forward to proceeding forward with that analysis. And we have done that in consultation, obviously, with regulators, but we initiated that ourselves.

Last point, I just can underscore, we will still expect this in 2025. At this point, we have the data in hand. It is literally just making sure we dot our I’s and cross our T’s before conducting that analysis this fall.

Conference Operator: Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Courtney Breen with Bernstein. Your line is open.

Courtney Breen, Analyst, Bernstein: Hi, Madonna. Thanks so much for taking my, my question today. A couple of pieces that I wanted to just touch on. First with the INT, it looks like you’ve added the first line melanoma in there. As you think about kind of patients being treated over the course of their disease, you’ve already kind of hitting them in the early stages, the adjuvant space, and now popping up with a new first line trial for the metastatic space.

Could you imagine a world where patients might get kind of an INT twice in the course of their disease state if they were to progress? Or will this be a more narrow patient population in the first line, those that perhaps haven’t had it in an earlier stage? The second question that I did want to ask was just in terms of the kind of employee headcount cost cutting that you have just announced. Can you just add some more context, and apologies if I’ve missed this, on kind of where you are focused with kind of removing some of that headcount? Are there any places that you’re adding to kind of enhance efficiencies?

So just talking about kind of what the ins and outs might look like to get to that new employee headcount? Thank you.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Great. Thank you. I’ll take the INT question first. So we, as mentioned, we are looking at first line metastatic melanoma. We look forward to a day when melanoma patients broadly are getting INTs early in the adjuvant setting, but right now the reality is we’re not yet approved and being used in that space.

There’s still a substantial need in frontline metastatic. Your question was sort of could we expect a world maybe in that distant future where we are being used in both places? And I think the answer is yes. I’ll remind you, it’s an individualized treatment. It’s an individualized treatment we make on a biopsy of your tumor at the time in which it happens.

So it’s conceivable that you could get a durable benefit in the adjuvant setting, and maybe very much more distantly have a metastatic event. And the neoantigens in your tumor might have changed. So the actual INT you would get in that frontline setting would actually be updated for the evolution of your own personal cancer, and that would be a world where you can obviously see the potential for treating early and treating late. That’s speculative in the sense that it’s far out there, and we’ll have to prove those things, but certainly we could see a world where people are receiving different versions of their individualized neoantigen therapy throughout the treatment of their cancer.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: And I’ll take the second question on employees, Courtney. If you look at it, basically there’s a few buckets. There are manufacturing driven by productivity, whether it’s technology productivity or processes or other things we are doing. In R and D, as we talked about a lot, and again, this is part of the strategy, we are not investing in new phase three study in respiratory. So as those phase out, of course, there are some capacity that we need to kind of resize, as you can imagine, and we’re not talking new ones, we’re not talking late on phase three.

And then G and A is a lot of productivity across the board. So we of course continue to hire, think if you check check, think, a week ago, we’re still, like, 150 position on Moderna’s website right now. We are hiring as we need to grow the business to prepare the launches. So, of course, this is very important.

Conference Operator: Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Cory Kasimov with Evercore ISI. Your line is open.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Hi. This is Adi on for Corey. I wanted to ask a little more on the decision to start the first line metastatic melanoma trial for indecimer. What does this suggest about what you’re learning about the product, where it might be best suited to work, and your evolving confidence in the program?

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Yeah. Thank you for the question. Look, we continue to follow the randomized phase 2b results from our adjuvant melanoma study, and I think as we have seen in the repeated updates, and we hope to provide future updates on that, as was mentioned previously, We continue to have enthusiasm from that study, and that really lays the foundation for why we are optimistic about the overall program. If you look across where we have made with our partner Merck the most sizable investments, we have obviously been looking most substantially in the adjuvant settings. And that makes sense to us, where the burden of the tumor is the lowest and where your immune system has the greatest chance of achieving a really significant response.

And so I don’t want to lose sight of the fact that we still believe adjuvant settings are important. I’ll also note that we’ve gone for some monotherapy, smaller studies that we’re starting to look at, which have us looking even earlier than adjuvant in some ways. And so we’re quite enthusiastic about the program potential from adjuvant and earlier. That said, we also want to assess diligently whether or not there’s an opportunity for us to do late stage, particularly in the metastatic indication. And that’s where metastatic melanoma made the most sense.

It was also enabled by some progress we’ve really made on the manufacturing side. Now, I would just make the last comment on the metastatic indication, is that those are patients that, if they’re unfortunately at that stage, they tend to progress quite quickly. And we need to be sure that we can deliver highly efficiently, highly reliably a product for them inside of six weeks, or hopefully even better from a quick turnaround perspective, so that they can start being treated by the drug post enrollment in the study. And so it’s quite pragmatic to say, let’s build up the capability in the adjuvant in early space, but then now go in a targeted way and look in later stage. And what we’ve really seen in the intismarin clinical portfolio over now many studies and over 1,000 patients treated is this opportunity for us to look in the late stage with a rapid turnaround, a highly efficient manufacturing system.

But I don’t want to lose sight of the fact that we still really believe in the adjuvant space. That is a major place that we’re betting. But we do believe that earlier than adjuvant and perhaps in the front line are worth looking at as well, and we’re gonna be doing that in the studies that we just announced.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Got it. And then just to follow-up, can you discuss any regulatory interactions you have had on the path ahead for checkpoint AMT? I see on slide 12 that is now expected to be filed for approval by 2028. Thank you.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Thank you for that question. So 04/1959, we have been engaging with regulators. Those are early stage. I won’t get into the specifics of them. I’ll remind you, we’re just now moving into phase two, and so these are really phase one stage conversations, which would make it premature to go too much into specifics.

That said, we are investing behind the program. And as we announced at the last quarter, we’re investing as though this could become one of our submissions over the next three years, as identified sort of by 2028. That really is a statement about our prioritization of the program and our conviction given the very early stage data, and not necessarily a statement about anything we’ve done either out of phase two and subsequent discussions with regulators about approval timelines. So it’s our prioritization of the program that brings that forward. But we believe it is possible.

Conference Operator: Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Luca Issy with RBC. Your line is open.

Conference Operator0: Well, great. Thanks so much for taking my question. Maybe one, Stephane, bigger picture. Can you maybe just talk about business development here? We’ve obviously seen a lot of assets being in licensed from China, including obviously one of your competitors that actually in licensed the assets and even flipped it to pharma for some means of profits.

Given your long term ambition to become a key player in oncology, are you actively spending time in China? And if so, are you just looking strengthening your mRNA capabilities or are you open to other modalities? And then maybe second, Steven, can you just talk about the COVID plus flu? How should we think about the sequence of the filing here with the FDA? Is it fair for us to think that you first need to get approved for flu monotherapy and then you can file the combo?

Or can you possibly do both concurrently? I guess any color there, much appreciated, so we can think about timelines. Thanks so much.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: So on the first question, as we’ve said before, we have such a productive platform in mRNA that we have an abundance of assets. Actually, we’re doing, as you heard on our cost structure, is we are deciding not to take forward to phase three asset that we believe deeply into, pick EBV for example, because we want to be financially disciplined. But we’ve said we believe this vaccine is very important for patients. As you know, we have two primary EBV, there’s a prophylactic program to prevent mononucleosis and potentially long term sequelae of MS, and there’s a potential therapeutic program for people that are already sick. And we believe those programs have to move forward, which is why, as we’ve said on previous calls, we are actively talking to potential pharmaceutical partners and potential product financing partners for several other assets that we cannot prosecute forward alone, because they are great assets, but we need to be financially disciplined at the same time.

We’ve always thought that partnering is a great way to access assets that are non mRNA technology. Mean, a good example, of course, is our important strategic partnership with Merck, with KEYTRUDA. We could have decided to develop our own PD-one and we didn’t think this was the right thing to do. But partnering with Merck in terms of having an approved product and the right capabilities was. So we always want to look at the biology.

That’s what has always driven us to try to find the best way to help patients and to create the best asset. If you need the partnership, we do so.

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: And thanks for the question on the COVID flu combo. So look, I’ll first say concurrent is certainly possible. You’re asking whether it’s theoretically possible. I think we think it is. But as a practical matter, there will probably be some sequencing.

And as a practical matter, in the case of the US FDA, it’s likely that the flu vaccine will be sequenced first for all of the reasons that are obvious. It’s that the chance to review that efficacy data from that flu vaccine feels very important for ungating the flu COVID combination. Now, the one caveat I’d put on that is there are markets where we continue to proceed with our flu COVID vaccine application, including in Europe, where we believe we’re going to be able to amend that file to include the flu efficacy data. And so the answer is ultimately, depending on the different regulators in different markets, it is possible that we could proceed in parallel, but for pragmatic reasons, we may proceed in sequence. Doesn’t mean that we’re delaying for one to be approved before we submit, but we are allowing substantially flu to proceed before proceeding with the flu COVID.

Again, market to market, different answers.

Conference Operator0: Thank you so much.

Conference Operator: One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Gina Wang with Barclays. Your line is open.

Conference Operator1: Thank you for taking my questions. I have two, maybe just follow flu COVID comments here, discussion here. So, any latest thoughts regarding flu combo submission requirement? This is specifically regarding the FDA. And the second regarding the CMV, how do you decide the statistical hierarchy for the secondary endpoint?

And also given the study basically already completed, is it fair to say in two months we will see the data?

Steven Hogue, President, Moderna: Very specific questions. Thank you, Gina, for all of them. So on the flu COVID, we are actually beginning those consultations with the FDA. And so we’ll wait for week for us to have guidance from them on what their requirements are. But from the previous review, it was clear that we needed to submit the flu efficacy results and confirm the correlative protection from that study that we now have.

And so we will go back and confirm that that is necessary, as well as understand any other information the FDA would want to see in the application. When we’ve had that consultation, we’ll be able to provide more clarity. I don’t have that now. As far as CMV in terms of the hierarchy, we have not yet disclosed what the powered secondary endpoint will be or some of the other things that we are looking at. We will once we are obviously unblinding the study, But what we’re looking to do is a hierarchical testing, as you can imagine, so we’re passing the alpha down to that secondary.

And then we’re also making sure that we characterize all the additional secondary endpoints that we think will be useful in terms of characterizing the performance of the vaccine on a number of different immunologic and virologic measures. Last question. When will we see the data? We have completed the study. We are going to be diligent and careful in dotting our I’s and crossing the T’s.

We have not completed the analysis. And so while we have most of the data, I would say that we are completely blinded to those results. And so we’ll take some time to first make sure that we have all the appropriate approvals on the update to the statistical analysis plan everywhere we want, and then we will initiate the analysis, and there will be some period of time for an unblinded statistical team to conduct all the correct analysis and review that with the DSMB, and then we’ll be informed. We do expect that to happen this fall. I will not say whether or not we expect it to happen within the next two months, because honestly, I don’t exactly know today how much time it takes to go through those approvals and complete those analysis, but we’re quite confident that it will happen properly.

Conference Operator1: Thank you.

Conference Operator: Well, ladies and gentlemen, does conclude the Q and A portion of today’s conference. I’d like to turn the call back over to Stephane for any closing remarks.

Stephane Bancel, Chief Executive Officer, Moderna: Well, thank you, everybody, for joining us today. We really appreciate it. We look forward to speaking to you in the next days or weeks. Have a nice day and a good weekend. Thanks.

Conference Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude today’s presentation. You may now disconnect, and have a wonderful day.

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