Applied DNA Sciences (ticker: NASDAQ:APDN) reported its fiscal first-quarter 2024 financial results, highlighting a decline in revenues and an increase in operating expenses. The company's total revenues for the quarter ended December 31, 2023, were approximately $891,000, a significant decrease from the previous year's same quarter. Despite the decline in revenue, Applied DNA Sciences remains focused on commercializing its Linea IVT and Linea DNA platforms and expects its unique business model to be fully realized in 2025.
Key Takeaways
- Fiscal Q1 2024 total revenues were approximately $891,000, down from the previous year.
- Operating loss increased to $3.8 million, with operating expenses rising to $4 million.
- The company completed a direct public offering and a private placement to raise funds.
- Applied DNA Sciences is advancing its Linea IVT and Linea DNA platforms, targeting GMP capacity for clinical-grade mRNA therapeutics.
- A robust sales pipeline and completed evaluations with customers, including CDMOs, indicate potential growth.
- The company has partnered with Kudo Bio for commercial scale-up validation and has entered into a manufacturing agreement for Linea RNA polymerase enzyme.
- Clinical trial stage reached for CD123 CAR therapy in partnership with the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague.
Company Outlook
- The first-phase GMP capacity is projected to enable up to $15 million in annual revenue.
- Applied DNA Sciences is optimistic about future customer growth, particularly in the European Union.
- The company's facilities are prepared to accommodate increased demand and orders.
Bearish Highlights
- A significant decrease in revenue compared to the previous fiscal year's same quarter.
- Increased average monthly cash burn to $1.3 million from $780,000 in the prior fiscal year.
- Gross profit margin declined to 26% from 45% in the prior fiscal year period.
Bullish Highlights
- The Linea IVT platform has seen rapid adoption since its launch in August 2023.
- Positive evaluations and increasing interest from large CDMOs and therapeutic customers.
- The Linea IVT platform's ability to produce RNA with reduced double-stranded RNA contamination is a competitive advantage.
Misses
- The company experienced lower clinical laboratory service revenues and lower cotton DNA tagging revenue.
Q&A Highlights
- Dr. James Hayward emphasized the company's competitive edge in manufacturing speed compared to enzymatic scale-up competitors.
- The company has a larger customer base than the 6 highlighted in Slide 9 of the presentation.
- Applied DNA Sciences is confident in meeting future demand and increasing its customer base beyond the United States.
Applied DNA Sciences faces challenges but remains focused on its strategic goals. The company's commitment to advancing its platforms and establishing GMP capacity for mRNA therapeutics production is expected to drive long-term shareholder value. With a strong sales pipeline and strategic partnerships, Applied DNA Sciences is positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for its technology in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries.
InvestingPro Insights
Applied DNA Sciences (ticker: APDN) has navigated a challenging fiscal first quarter in 2024, with its financial results reflecting some headwinds in the market. A deeper dive into the company's financial health and performance using real-time data from InvestingPro can provide investors with a clearer picture.
InvestingPro Data shows that APDN's market capitalization stands at a modest $10.19 million, and the company's revenue for the last twelve months as of Q4 2023 was $13.37 million, which represents a significant decline of 26.43%. The price/book ratio as of Q4 2023 is 2.06, which can offer insights into how the market values the company's net assets.
One of the InvestingPro Tips for APDN highlights that the company is quickly burning through cash, which aligns with the article's mention of an increased average monthly cash burn. This is a critical point for investors to consider, especially in light of the company's ambitious plans for commercializing its platforms. Another tip points out that analysts do not anticipate the company will be profitable this year, which could be a concern for investors looking for short-term gains but might be less significant for those with a long-term investment horizon.
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Full transcript - Applied DNA Sciences Inc (APDN) Q1 2024:
Operator: Good day and welcome to the Applied DNA Sciences Fiscal First Quarter 2024 Financial Results Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Sanjay Hurry, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Sanjay Hurry: Thank you, Scott. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Applied DNA's conference call to discuss our first quarter fiscal 2024 financial results. You can access the press release that was issued after market closed today as well as the slide presentation accompanying this call on the Investor Relations section of our corporate website. Speaking on the call today are Dr. James Hayward, our Chairman, President, and CEO; and Beth Jantzen, our Chief Financial Officer. Clay Shorrock, our Chief Legal Officer and Head of Business Development, and Judy Murrah, our Chief Operating Officer, will also be available to answer questions on the Q&A portion of this call. Before we get started, I would like to take this opportunity to remind you that our remarks today may include forward-looking statements. I refer you to Slide 2 of the presentation and our Form 10-Q filed a short while ago for important risk factors that could cause the company's actual performance and results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements or other information provided on this call as a result of new information or future results or developments. Now it's my pleasure to introduce our first speaker on today's call, Beth Jantzen. Please go ahead, Beth.
Beth Jantzen: Thank you, Sanjay. Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us on our first quarter fiscal 2024 investor call. I will start this afternoon with an overview of our results for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. I will then turn the call over to Dr. James Hayward, our President and CEO, who will update you on our ongoing business initiative. We will then open the line for questions from our analysts and institutional investors. Beginning with our statement of operations, total revenues for the first quarter of fiscal 2024 ended December 31, 2023, were approximately $891,000 or a decline of $4.4 million compared to $5.3 million for the same period in the prior fiscal year. Approximately $4.2 million of this decrease in total revenue is attributable to lower clinical laboratory service revenues. This revenue line item reflects an ongoing and unfavorable year-over-year comparison in our COVID-19 testing as the prior year period included testing revenues under our contract with CUNY that expired in June of 2023. Approximately $210,000 of the decrease in total revenue was attributable to lower product revenues and specifically lower cotton DNA tagging revenue within our DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services segment. Service revenues increased approximately $15,000 year-over-year and approximately $78,000 sequentially, that were driven primarily by demand for isotopic testing within our DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services segment. Gross profit was $231,000 or 26% compared to $2.4 million or 45% in the prior fiscal year period. The decline in gross margin was primarily due to a higher percentage of COVID-19 testing service revenue in the 3 months ended December 31, '22, which generated a higher gross profit compared to the 3 months ended December 31, 2023. To a lesser extent, the decline in gross profit percentage was due to lower product revenues during the 3-month period ending December 31, '23, as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year. The lower volume of product revenues in the current period was not able to fully absorb the fixed costs that are included in cost of product revenues. Total operating expenses increased by $424,000 to $4 million compared to $3.6 million in the prior fiscal year period. This increase in total operating expenses reflects higher SG&A costs as the prior 3 month period has a credit in bad debt expense of approximately $290,000, from a customer balance that was written off and was subsequently collected during the 3-month period ended December 31, 2022. The remainder of the increase is related to an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $247,000 that relates to the timing of the annual non-employee Board of Director grant that vests one year from the date of grant. These increases were offset by a decrease in payroll of approximately $107,000. Operating loss for the first quarter was $3.8 million compared to $1.2 million in the prior fiscal period. Turning to Slide 5, excluding non-cash expenses, adjusted EBITDA deteriorated by $2.1 million to a negative $3.2 million compared to a negative $1.1 million in the prior fiscal year period. Now turning to our balance sheet on Slide 6. Accounts receivable stood at $451,000 at December 31 with payment terms ranging from 30 to 60 days. And cash and cash equivalents totaled $3.4 million on December 31 compared to $7.2 million on September 30, 2023. Fiscal year-to-date, our average monthly cash burn was $1.3 million compared to $780,000 in the prior fiscal year. Staying with the balance sheet a moment longer, we closed on a registered direct public offering on February 2, 2024 for gross proceeds of approximately $3.4 million. Full details of the offering are provided in the subsequent event section of our Form 10-Q filing. We issued approximately 3.2 million shares and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2.4 million shares of common stock. In a concurrent private placement, unregistered common warrants to purchase up to 11.3 million shares of common stock were issued with an exercise price of $0.609 per warrant share. These common warrants are subject to shareholder approval at a stockholder meeting that must be held by April 15 of this year in accordance with the terms of the private placement. Subject to approval by stockholders at a stockholder meeting, the exercise price of these warrants could result in an additional gross proceeds of $6.9 million to the company. We also agreed to reduce the exercise price of warrants previously issued to the purchasers with exercise prices ranging from $1.29 to $4 per warrant to $0.609 per warrant. We also agreed to extend the expiration date of these warrants to August 2028. These warrant reductions are also subject to stockholder approval. Subject to approval, the exercise of the warrants issued discussed above as well as the now reduced warrants could result in total gross proceeds of up to $8.6 million to the company. Turning to our at-the-market facility, the ATM was terminated in accordance with the terms of and to facilitate this registered direct offering. Inclusive of the proceeds from the registered direct, cash and cash equivalents was approximately $5.1 million on February 2. Before turning the call over to Jim, the commercialization of our Linea IVT and Linea DNA platforms remains our primary objective. To that end, we are committed to capital allocation that support our biotherapeutic goals, while identifying and undertaking operating efficiencies throughout the company. Initial steps are being taken to manage a leaner organization aligned behind our highest ROI opportunities. This concludes my prepared remarks. Thank you for joining us today. I will now turn the call over to Jim for his comments.
Dr. James Hayward: Well, thank you, Beth. Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us on today's call. It was an important quarter for our biotherapeutic goals. This afternoon, my remarks will update you on the progress we've made during the quarter to advance the commercialization of our Linea IVT platform and establish a GMP capacity to manufacture critical starting materials for clinical-grade messenger RNA therapeutics. Now just to set the ground rules, IVT stands for in vitro transcription. In vitro means that it is performed outside of the body and transcription is the process by which the sequence in template DNA, such as our Linea DNA templates, is turned into the sequence of messenger RNA via RNA polymerase. Our Linea IVT platform is comprised of both our Linea DNA IVT templates and our proprietary RNA polymerase ready for use in in vitro transcription of an mRNA drug. I will also share some representative customer profiles and their intended use cases for our Linea DNA and Linea IVT platforms. These customers and their future needs for mRNA starting materials form the basis for Applied DNA's strategic growth. We are not yet at a point where we can divulge their names. However, the applications being contemplated underscore the potential and long-term need for Linea IVT. Establishing a first-phase GMP capacity to deliver messenger RNA critical starting materials under applicable GMP and at large scale is crucial to our ability to mature our current research and development scale customers into long-term supply agreements for Linea IVT. And as you can see in this slide, in fiscal 2023, which was year 1 of our Linea IVT commercialization plan, we firstly launched Linea IVT as a platform for the manufacture of mRNA. Secondly, we expanded our presence across the global marketplace. And thirdly, we grew a robust sales pipeline of marquee customers and initiated proof-of-concept studies. These efforts were supported by the establishment of the GMP roadmap to transition our manufacturing capacity from research-use-only milligram scale DNA template orders to multigram scale GMP orders capable of supporting our customers' early-stage toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical trials. In year 2, our current fiscal year, we are focused on migrating our customers to scale up agreements for Linea IVT templates, coupled with our Linea RNA polymerase, manufactured under applicable GMPs, to support their clinical RNA objectives. With approximately 425 messenger RNA therapies currently in development and judging from our slate of meetings at the JPMorgan Healthcare Conference last month, it is evident that the biotherapeutics industry is beginning a surge in mRNA demand. Consequently, after the first quarter's end, we closed on the equity offering that will fund us through implementing our initial GMP footprint. As indicated on this slide, we reiterate the timing of this facility to come online is during the first half of calendar 2024. Now establishing a GMP footprint takes a phased approach to simultaneously support existing and new customers through their clinical trial process. Our unique business model, in which I remind you Linea IVT is comprised of Linea IVT template paired with our high-value RNA polymerase, allows us to drive substantial revenue from a very small space. We project that this first-phase capacity will enable an annual revenue capacity of up to $15 million from a footprint of less than 1,000 square feet. Incremental capacity will be straightforward to add. It is important to note that this annual figure does not serve as financial guidance. Instead, this figure is informed by internal modeling, utilizing current pricing projections and industry figures, and based on the combined sales of Linea DNA IVT templates, Linea RNA polymerase, and a royalty for a technology license. With 67% of that mRNA development pipeline in preclinical development, the industry is quickly progressing to clinical and eventually commercial stages. In year 3 or 2025, we believe that the economics of our unique business model will be fully realized as we initiate large-scale of GMP supply to customers as they advance in the clinic and prepare for commercial launch. Now turning to our customers, our sales pipeline is populated both by cutting-edge biotech companies who manufacture their own products and by CDMOs which are contract development and manufacturing organizations that are operating as suppliers to biotech and pharma companies. Each of these segments represents an outcome that could materially and positively alter Applied DNA's biotherapeutic profile once successfully engaged. On this slide, you will find a select sampling of customers and applications relevant to Linea IVT that span mRNA vaccines against common respiratory illness, to autoimmune and oncology therapies. From the application column, it should be clear that we are being evaluated for our ability to deliver on broadly relevant clinical indications. With our GMP capacity about to come online, much of our sales and business development efforts have been focused on converting interest in Linea DNA as the IVT template material into evaluations of our Linea IVT platform with the ultimate goal of securing long-term supply agreements. Momentum in our sales pipeline has continued to build and our conversion efforts are paying off. We completed multiple successful evaluations by customers for our Linea DNA and Linea IVT platforms during the quarter. The pace of Linea DNA customers initiating evaluations of Linea IVT has quickened and the size of the potential opportunities is increasing. We are already in several Linea IVT platform evaluation cycles, a notable milestone given our acquisition of Linea RNA polymerase was only 6 months ago. Particularly noteworthy, we recently completed an evaluation with a clinical stage mRNA customer in which our IVT templates met or exceeded all customer quality metrics and with a manufacturing speed that exceeded all other IVT template suppliers that the customer had evaluated. Based on this successful evaluation, we are now being asked to provide quotes for scale-up materials under GMP. In addition, we are starting to see the seeds of our business development efforts with respect of large CDMOs begin to bear fruit with recent interest from several U.S.-based mRNA CDMOs. Now CDMOs have substantial underutilized manufacturing capacity available after the decrease in demand for COVID-19 vaccines. We believe that Linea IVT provides these CDMOs with significant differentiators in the marketplace at a time when the mRNA modality is gaining preclinical momentum. We are in real-time discussions with CDMOs actively seeking a differentiated workflow to bring new mRNA customers into their underutilized manufacturing capacity. CDMOs are showing particular interest in self-amplifying mRNA. During the first quarter, we shipped our first self-amplifying mRNA IVT template to a preclinical therapeutic manufacturer, thereby demonstrating that the Linea DNA's platform's ability to enzymatically produce the challenging and large DNA sequences needed to manufacture self-amplifying mRNA at scale. We believe this puts us at the forefront of template manufacturing for this promising and growing messenger RNA modality, that is self-amplifying RNA. We have validated Linea IVT for the small-scale manufacturer of mRNA-critical starting materials. To support customers' much larger, commercial aspirations with Linea IVT, we need to substantiate Linea IVT's performance at scale within a commercial manufacturing setting. In partnering with the CDMO Kudo Bio, which was announced this quarter, we have entered the arena of commercial-scale manufacturing. Our first CDMO partner, Kudo, will help validate the commercial scale-up of the Linea IVT platform. In Kudo Bio's workflow, our Linea IVT platform would serve as the front end of an integrated GMP mRNA drug product manufacturing workflow. We believe that Kudo's integration of our Linea IVT platform to simplify mRNA production and to drive double-stranded RNA mitigation gives them a substantial leg up over other CDMOs. Now during the quarter, we also entered into a scale-up manufacturing agreement with an enzyme manufacturer for our Linea RNA polymerase enzyme to scale its production for commercial-scale use. This is part of our efforts to increase efficiencies and reduce Linea IVT's cost of goods sold as we move to deploy our improved workflow into cGMP capacity. In brief, we believe this project, once completed, will ensure we can manufacture our Linea RNA polymerase at a scale and a reduced cost of goods to enable profitable growth of Linea IVT. And we expect to announce this agreement in a press release soon. This quarter also saw us generate new compelling data that further substantiate the capacity of our Linea IVT platform to create equal or greater RNA yields with mitigated double-stranded RNA contamination at levels that are 10 to 50 times lower than those found using conventional mRNA production technologies. Now this is a very strong selling point to mRNA therapy developers and CDMOs today that are seeking ways to mitigate double-stranded RNA without sacrificing their mRNA production yields. We see our ability, to drastically mitigate double-stranded RNA, which enables the IVT platform to produce better RNA faster, as a key differentiator against our competitors. In a further application of Linea DNA, our partnership with the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague on their CD123 CAR therapy has moved past the experimental stage. Pending the finalization of the supply agreement with us, we expect the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague will receive EU regulatory approval to proceed with the Phase I CD123 clinical trial to dose 10 compassionate use patients with their CAR T therapy. The Phase I trial is expected to begin before the end of this calendar year. Now this is a significant milestone for Linea DNA and its application to the rapid and efficient manufacture of CAR T cells without the need for complicated virus production or plasmid DNA. We congratulate the Institute and look forward to the results with great anticipation. Now before I open our call to questions, I want to impress on our investors that we have made substantial headway in bringing a more rapid, cost efficient, and qualitative process to creating DNA at a scale for commercial availability. We feel that the imminent establishment of our GMP footprint keeps us firmly on a growth company trajectory with positive ramifications for long-term shareholder value. Now this concludes my prepared remarks. Operator, please open the call to questions.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] And our first question today comes from Jason McCarthy with Maxim Group.
Jason McCarthy: First, just on your last point there from the Prague Hematology Institute doing the CD123 CAR work. Can you talk a little bit more about what they're targeting or maybe even some of their preclinical work that they had done? And since they -- or they are expecting to move from preclinical to clinical, at least in the EU, is that going to require GMP-grade materials from Applied?
Dr. James Hayward: Great question, Jason. Well, first of all, I have to tell you these folks are great scientists and I delight to work with. Having done my Ph.D. in Hematology, I can appreciate the quality of their work. So they have an entire CAR T program laid out and they find value in our approach to the [indiscernible] CAR T. The European authorities have indicated that they will approve an up-labeling of our research use DNA construct to cGMP at their facility. And so after an inspection here and some additional correspondence with the EMA, we expect that to happen forthwith. Their animal study results were superb and it's based on that that the European authorities are taking their position that compassionate use would be apropos.
Jason McCarthy: So what degree or what level of or actually rather amount of product do they need for starting material? I mean a clinical Phase I trial for CAR T, we can probably do just a handful of patients. So I'm assuming that maybe it's not that much material that you'll need?
Dr. James Hayward: Yes, it's probably enough material to treat, I'd say, about 10 patients. I don't want to speak for them because the details are under their control. But that's what I'm expecting. And so that should be no problem for us.
Jason McCarthy: Do you have -- has it publicly disclosed who the principal investigator is at the Prague Hematology Institute?
Dr. James Hayward: I'm sorry, could you try that again, Jason? The what?
Jason McCarthy: Is it publicly available who the principal investigator is at the Prague Institute? Just thinking if we could pull some papers, just read some of their work.
Dr. James Hayward: Oh, sure. I'd be happy to verify that it is. And then I'll not only get their names for you, but I'd be happy to put you in touch with them. And you can pull all their papers as well.
Jason McCarthy: Great. And also just moving over to the Kudo Bio relationship that was updated back in December. As a CDMO in the mRNA space, can you give us a little bit of color on kind of maybe who they're producing for or what they're producing mRNA products for, and I guess at what scale? Are they a significantly large player compared to others in this space?
Dr. James Hayward: They are a large player with international facilities, including in Boston. And Clay, you're on the line. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe they also have facilities in Singapore. And their scale is quite large. So they have the opportunity to really be an end-to-end mRNA manufacturer at very significant scale.
Clay Shorrock: Yes, and I can jump in there too. Thanks, Jim. Yes, so they have facilities, Jason, in the U.S. They also have their main manufacturing facilities in China. They're currently manufacturing clinical materials for clinical trials in China and also Australia. They're a great partner, to be frank. And they are new to the mRNA manufacturing space, but they do have the ability to scale to very large commercial scale, as Jim noted. But there's also potential additional synergies there that we are investigating.
Jason McCarthy: Are they taking on the RNF enzyme as well as part of all this work that you're doing with them?
Clay Shorrock: Yes, so under the disclosed contract, yes. So the joint development agreement that was disclosed, the goal of that agreement is to scale Linea IVT to commercial scale, right. Right now, we've proven that Linea IVT works extremely well at the small scale. We need that validation that the platform scales to multi-liter IVT scale, right. And that's what we are doing with them. And then we'll bring the results in mRNA through LNP encapsulation into DRO-SUP and then DRO-product.
Jason McCarthy: Got it. Last question, just briefly. On Slide 9, you give a sample of select customers in the biotherapeutic space and kind of what they're working on. Can you tell us how many customers did you do have in total and if you're expecting any of them to potentially transition from any -- in vitro or preclinical work to clinical this year?
Dr. James Hayward: Clay, you want to take that too?
Clay Shorrock: Sure, absolutely. So yes, so obviously we can't disclose names, Jason. But since the launch of Linea IVT in August 2023, we've really seen more rapid adoption of the platform. That's been driven, I would say, in equal parts of the enzymatic IVT template story, but also the ability to reduce the dsRNA, right. So our early customers are IVT template customers. They are not enzyme customers, since we didn't have the enzyme at the time. And we're seeing those customers come through successful evaluations. And we're getting asked for the first time to quote upon what would scale up look like, what a scale up under GMP look like. And that's what -- why we have this urgency for this GMP facility. But importantly, we also now are seeing adoption, both from large CDMOs and also some therapeutic customers of the joint Linea IVT platform. And that's important because the economics of selling that enzyme along with the template are so much more advantageous for us. So we've had some first successful evaluations of that platform. The first one was actually with Kudo. And we're seeing some follow-on evaluations now. And the readouts have been fantastic. And we had a readout last week from one of our customers on the template. And as Jim noted in his prepared remarks, we actually met or exceeded all specs. And our time to manufacture beat everyone else that they were looking at. So it's quite promising.
Operator: Our next question comes from the line of Dipesh Patel with H.C. Wainwright.
Dipesh Patel: Regarding Slide 9, just a follow-up question. Are you able to share more color on the percentage of your customers that you have in the U.S. and the ex-U.S.? And how might you expect this to trend over the coming quarters?
Dr. James Hayward: Yes, the bulk of our customers are U.S. at the moment. But with a good smattering of international customers coming both from Asia and from the European Union, I expect that we'll see more from the European Union over the course of the next year or so. And while we profiled in Slide 9 only 6, we have many more customers than that. And what's really compelling is that many of those customers are returning for additional orders and for orders of greater volume.
Dipesh Patel: Great. And then last question. With regards to the projection that you noted of up to $15 million annual for the Linea IVT revenue, what assumptions can we kind of take away from that in terms of are you putting in like 100% utilization of the 1,000 square foot facility that you mentioned?
Dr. James Hayward: Yes, the capacity is actually slightly greater than that at 100% utilization. Of course, you never want to get to 100% utilization, but the facilities are quite clonable, if you’ll pardon the pun. And it would be easy to prepare additional space. I can see a future where customers are beginning to lay out their plans for pharmacokinetics and toxicology and clinical trials, and their approach to FDA. And not only will they be placing orders, but I suspect they’ll be booking time. And so as that begins to happen, we have to ensure that we have the capacity to accommodate more time, as it were. And that’ll be a straightforward process. We’ve already mapped out how to do it. So we’re set and ready to go.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from the line of Jeffrey Bernstein with Silverberg Bernstein Capital.
Jeffrey Bernstein: I just wanted to understand when you talked about being benchmarked against competitors and having a higher speed of production, are we talking about the enzymatic guys like Twist and Anza, those kinds of folks?
Clay Shorrock: I'll take that, Jim, if you want.
Dr. James Hayward: Sure.
Clay Shorrock: Okay. So yes and no. We're talking about some of our competitors in the enzymatic scale-up, not the enzymatic synthesis. So we don't know which customers they are particularly. All we know is that we are being benchmarked against other enzymatic manufacturers and we are exceeding their, like, turnaround time.
Jeffrey Bernstein: Okay. So those would potentially be like CDMOs that are offering these capabilities?
Clay Shorrock: Exactly, right. So – and again, there are 2 enzymatic uses. There’s the synthesis of that initial template, which is not what we do. And then there’s use of enzymatic manufacturing to scale up, which is what we do. So it’s [indiscernible].
Operator: [Operator Instructions] This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to James Hayward for any closing remarks.
Dr. James Hayward: Well, thank you all for joining us. And we look forward to keeping you closely apprised as we move ahead through these exciting times. Thank you.
Operator: The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.
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